Unit 2 Assignment - Practical Scientific Procedures and
Techniques
Keeping up the standard solutions.
Learning Aim, A - Undertake titration and colorimetry to determine
the concentration of solutions.
Introduction to titration:
Titration is the process of determining the concentration of an unknown
solution using a solution of a known concentration. This is important as it’s
widely used in the food industry because it allows manufacturers to test out
the quantity of a certain reactant within a sample, by revealing the
concentrations to prove the food is ready to be packaged.
The process of titration starts with the preparation of a standard solution. This
is a solution containing a precisely known concentration of an element in a
substance. To make a standard solution you must weigh a substance and mix it
with a specific volume of solvent to achieve the desired concentration.
Furthermore, standardisation is the process of determining the exact
concentration/molarity of a solution.
Aim:
The aim of the practical was to determine the concentration of the unknown
solution of hydrochloric acid using a solution of known concentration sodium
hydroxide.
Abstracts:
In this practical Sodium Carbonate reacted with hydrochloric acid to form
Sodium Chloride, water and Carbon Dioxide.
Na2CO2 + 2HCl ---> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
A standard solution of Sodium Carbonate was prepared by first weighing 2.65g
of Sodium Carbonate on a weighing boat, then it was carefully transferred to a
beaker which had up to 50cm3 of distilled water and then using stirring rod too
fully dissolve the solute. After its dissolved, it was transferred into a smaller
funnel to a volumetric flask (to avoid spillages) and fill it up to the 250cm3
meniscus line. Finally, the stopper was placed and inverted/mixed the solution
and finally the solution was labelled.
1|Page
, Risk assessment for Sodium Carbonate:
There can be many dangerous things or accidents that can occur in the lab.
This includes if anything can enter/ get to your eyes and so damage your eyes
in any sort of way and with using dangerous acids and unknown
concentrations it is important to ensure to always wear goggles so nothing can
get to our eyes and hurt them. Sodium Carbonate is a known irritant. They are
irritating to the eye however the anhydrous solid presents a bigger risk
because it is finally powered. Furthermore, hydrated sodium carbonate is used
as washing soda, they are also an approved food additive.
To reduce the risk, eye protection was worn when handling irritant solids,
physical contact was avoided with acids especially in sealed containers because
large volumes of carbon dioxide will be formed. The chances of getting an
irritant in the eye by accidentally rubbing into the eye, are highly possible so
appropriate measures were taken. A risk is if the irritant did get to the eyes this
emergency action would be taken; flood the eye with gently running tap water
for approximately 10 minutes and see a doctor if the pain persists. Another risk
would be if swallowed mouth should be washed out with water and ensured
no vomiting was induced. Furthermore, sips of water can be taken to help cool
the throat and help keep the airway clear. After a doctor must be consulted.
Also, another hazard which should be assessed is if it’s spilt on skin/clothing
the solid must be brushed off to avoid contaminated clothing/skin and rinse
clothing/skin with water if necessary. Finally, one final hazard if it’s spilt on the
floor, bench or chairs the spillages must be wiped away carefully to ensure
dust wasn’t raised, then the surface would be wiped with a damp cloth and
lastly wipe up solutions with a cloth and rinse if needed.
Therefore, to avoid any risks: eye protection, lab coats and gloves are worn
when suitable. In addition to this, it’s vital that whilst experimenting your
equipment must be cleaned and ready to use to ensure no contamination to
the equipment and the whole experiment. Furthermore, to ensure there was
no cross-contamination between acid/alkalis the equipment was rinsed
thoroughly with distilled water. Hair was out of the face completely and
shouldn’t get caught/stuck on anything to ensure hair doesn’t contaminate the
experiment.
2|Page
Techniques
Keeping up the standard solutions.
Learning Aim, A - Undertake titration and colorimetry to determine
the concentration of solutions.
Introduction to titration:
Titration is the process of determining the concentration of an unknown
solution using a solution of a known concentration. This is important as it’s
widely used in the food industry because it allows manufacturers to test out
the quantity of a certain reactant within a sample, by revealing the
concentrations to prove the food is ready to be packaged.
The process of titration starts with the preparation of a standard solution. This
is a solution containing a precisely known concentration of an element in a
substance. To make a standard solution you must weigh a substance and mix it
with a specific volume of solvent to achieve the desired concentration.
Furthermore, standardisation is the process of determining the exact
concentration/molarity of a solution.
Aim:
The aim of the practical was to determine the concentration of the unknown
solution of hydrochloric acid using a solution of known concentration sodium
hydroxide.
Abstracts:
In this practical Sodium Carbonate reacted with hydrochloric acid to form
Sodium Chloride, water and Carbon Dioxide.
Na2CO2 + 2HCl ---> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
A standard solution of Sodium Carbonate was prepared by first weighing 2.65g
of Sodium Carbonate on a weighing boat, then it was carefully transferred to a
beaker which had up to 50cm3 of distilled water and then using stirring rod too
fully dissolve the solute. After its dissolved, it was transferred into a smaller
funnel to a volumetric flask (to avoid spillages) and fill it up to the 250cm3
meniscus line. Finally, the stopper was placed and inverted/mixed the solution
and finally the solution was labelled.
1|Page
, Risk assessment for Sodium Carbonate:
There can be many dangerous things or accidents that can occur in the lab.
This includes if anything can enter/ get to your eyes and so damage your eyes
in any sort of way and with using dangerous acids and unknown
concentrations it is important to ensure to always wear goggles so nothing can
get to our eyes and hurt them. Sodium Carbonate is a known irritant. They are
irritating to the eye however the anhydrous solid presents a bigger risk
because it is finally powered. Furthermore, hydrated sodium carbonate is used
as washing soda, they are also an approved food additive.
To reduce the risk, eye protection was worn when handling irritant solids,
physical contact was avoided with acids especially in sealed containers because
large volumes of carbon dioxide will be formed. The chances of getting an
irritant in the eye by accidentally rubbing into the eye, are highly possible so
appropriate measures were taken. A risk is if the irritant did get to the eyes this
emergency action would be taken; flood the eye with gently running tap water
for approximately 10 minutes and see a doctor if the pain persists. Another risk
would be if swallowed mouth should be washed out with water and ensured
no vomiting was induced. Furthermore, sips of water can be taken to help cool
the throat and help keep the airway clear. After a doctor must be consulted.
Also, another hazard which should be assessed is if it’s spilt on skin/clothing
the solid must be brushed off to avoid contaminated clothing/skin and rinse
clothing/skin with water if necessary. Finally, one final hazard if it’s spilt on the
floor, bench or chairs the spillages must be wiped away carefully to ensure
dust wasn’t raised, then the surface would be wiped with a damp cloth and
lastly wipe up solutions with a cloth and rinse if needed.
Therefore, to avoid any risks: eye protection, lab coats and gloves are worn
when suitable. In addition to this, it’s vital that whilst experimenting your
equipment must be cleaned and ready to use to ensure no contamination to
the equipment and the whole experiment. Furthermore, to ensure there was
no cross-contamination between acid/alkalis the equipment was rinsed
thoroughly with distilled water. Hair was out of the face completely and
shouldn’t get caught/stuck on anything to ensure hair doesn’t contaminate the
experiment.
2|Page
