ATI ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY EXAM
ACTUAL TEST PAPER 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ The Nephron. Answer: Functional unit of the kidney, site of
filtration, secretion and reabsortion
◉ Glomerular filtration. Answer: Water and most solutes in blood
plasma move accross the wall of the glomerular capillaries and are
filtered and move through the glomerular capsule and into the renal
tubule
◉ Tubular reabsorption. Answer: The filtered fluid moves along the
renal tubule and collecting ducts and tubule cells reabsorb water
and many useful solutes, these flow back through the peritubular
capillaries and vasa recta
◉ Tubular secretion. Answer: Filtered fluid flows through the renal
tubes and collecting ducts the renal tubule and duct cells secrete
materials such as wastes, drugs, excess ions into fluid
◉ Edema. Answer: Loss of plasma proteins in urine, a abnormally
high volume of interstitial fluid
,◉ Glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Answer: The amount of filtrate
formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute
◉ Myogenic mechanism. Answer: Decreases GFR, an increase in
stretching of smooth muscle in afferent arteriole walls (increase BP),
causes the stretched smooth muscle fibers to contract and narrrow
lumen of afferent arterioles
◉ Tubuloglomerular feedback. Answer: Decreases GFR, increase
deliever of Na and Cl due to high BP causes a decreased release of
Nitric oxide (NO) and a contriction of afferent arterioles
◉ Neural regulation of GFR. Answer: Decrease in GFR, and increase
of activity level in sympathetic nerves releases norepinephrine and
causes a constriction of afferent arterioles and an increase of renin
◉ Angiotensin II (Hormonal regulation of GFR). Answer: Decrease in
GFR, decreased blood volume or BP stimulates production of
angiotensin II which causes a constriction of afferent and efferent
arterioles
◉ Atrial natriuretic peptide (Hormonal regulation of GFR). Answer:
Increase in GFR, stretching of the atria of the heart stimulates
secretion of ANP and causes a relaxation of mesangial cells which
increases surface area available for filtration
,◉ A substance being reabsorbed can.... Answer: Take two routes, it
can move between the adjacent tubule cells or through an individual
tubule cell
◉ Paracellular reabsorption. Answer: Fluid leaks between cells
through tight junctions
◉ Transcellular reabsorption. Answer: A substance passes from the
fluid through the apical membrane, across the cytosol and into the
interstitial fluid through the basolateral membrane
◉ Glucosuria. Answer: Glucose remains in urine because the renal
symporters cannot work fast enough to reabsorb all the glucose,
cause is often diabetes
◉ Reabsorption in the PCT. Answer: Most reabsorption occurs in
PCT:
100% filtered glucose, amino acids, vitamins
65% water
65% Na+
55% K+
50% Cl-
50% urea
, 90% bicarbonate
◉ Secretion in the PCT. Answer: Ammonia and urea are filtered and
secreted
◉ Angiotensin II. Answer: Increases reabsorption of Na+ and H20,
increase BP, stimulated by low BP
◉ Aldosterone. Answer: Increases secretion of K+ and reabsorption
of Na, H20, which increase BP, stimulated by increased angiotensin II
and plasma K+ levels
◉ Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Answer: Increase facultative
reabsorption of water and decreases osmolarity, stimulated by and
increase in osmolarity or a decrease in blood volume
◉ Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Answer: Increases excretion of
Na+ in urine, increases urine output and decreases BP, stimulated by
stretching of the heart's atria
◉ Parathyroid hormone (PTH). Answer: Increase reabsorption of
Ca2+, stimulated by decrease levels of Ca2+ in plasma
ACTUAL TEST PAPER 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ The Nephron. Answer: Functional unit of the kidney, site of
filtration, secretion and reabsortion
◉ Glomerular filtration. Answer: Water and most solutes in blood
plasma move accross the wall of the glomerular capillaries and are
filtered and move through the glomerular capsule and into the renal
tubule
◉ Tubular reabsorption. Answer: The filtered fluid moves along the
renal tubule and collecting ducts and tubule cells reabsorb water
and many useful solutes, these flow back through the peritubular
capillaries and vasa recta
◉ Tubular secretion. Answer: Filtered fluid flows through the renal
tubes and collecting ducts the renal tubule and duct cells secrete
materials such as wastes, drugs, excess ions into fluid
◉ Edema. Answer: Loss of plasma proteins in urine, a abnormally
high volume of interstitial fluid
,◉ Glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Answer: The amount of filtrate
formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute
◉ Myogenic mechanism. Answer: Decreases GFR, an increase in
stretching of smooth muscle in afferent arteriole walls (increase BP),
causes the stretched smooth muscle fibers to contract and narrrow
lumen of afferent arterioles
◉ Tubuloglomerular feedback. Answer: Decreases GFR, increase
deliever of Na and Cl due to high BP causes a decreased release of
Nitric oxide (NO) and a contriction of afferent arterioles
◉ Neural regulation of GFR. Answer: Decrease in GFR, and increase
of activity level in sympathetic nerves releases norepinephrine and
causes a constriction of afferent arterioles and an increase of renin
◉ Angiotensin II (Hormonal regulation of GFR). Answer: Decrease in
GFR, decreased blood volume or BP stimulates production of
angiotensin II which causes a constriction of afferent and efferent
arterioles
◉ Atrial natriuretic peptide (Hormonal regulation of GFR). Answer:
Increase in GFR, stretching of the atria of the heart stimulates
secretion of ANP and causes a relaxation of mesangial cells which
increases surface area available for filtration
,◉ A substance being reabsorbed can.... Answer: Take two routes, it
can move between the adjacent tubule cells or through an individual
tubule cell
◉ Paracellular reabsorption. Answer: Fluid leaks between cells
through tight junctions
◉ Transcellular reabsorption. Answer: A substance passes from the
fluid through the apical membrane, across the cytosol and into the
interstitial fluid through the basolateral membrane
◉ Glucosuria. Answer: Glucose remains in urine because the renal
symporters cannot work fast enough to reabsorb all the glucose,
cause is often diabetes
◉ Reabsorption in the PCT. Answer: Most reabsorption occurs in
PCT:
100% filtered glucose, amino acids, vitamins
65% water
65% Na+
55% K+
50% Cl-
50% urea
, 90% bicarbonate
◉ Secretion in the PCT. Answer: Ammonia and urea are filtered and
secreted
◉ Angiotensin II. Answer: Increases reabsorption of Na+ and H20,
increase BP, stimulated by low BP
◉ Aldosterone. Answer: Increases secretion of K+ and reabsorption
of Na, H20, which increase BP, stimulated by increased angiotensin II
and plasma K+ levels
◉ Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Answer: Increase facultative
reabsorption of water and decreases osmolarity, stimulated by and
increase in osmolarity or a decrease in blood volume
◉ Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Answer: Increases excretion of
Na+ in urine, increases urine output and decreases BP, stimulated by
stretching of the heart's atria
◉ Parathyroid hormone (PTH). Answer: Increase reabsorption of
Ca2+, stimulated by decrease levels of Ca2+ in plasma
