NU 327 Respiratory Disorders
Study Guide EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS.
4 major types of lung cancer - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- squamous cell
- adenocarcinoma
- large cell
- small cell (oat cell)
know that small cell tends to rapidly grow and metastasize, while non-small cell or large
cell tends to develop more subtly over a longer period
squamous, adenocarcinoma, and large cell are all non-small cancers
Acute (Adult) Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅pulmonary dysfunction characterized by damage to alveoli, capillary
membrane, as well as bilateral pulmonary infiltrates & severe hypoxia
Acute Bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅inflamed bronchi and bronchiole tubes; can
turn into pneumonia if untreated
ARDS Memory Jogger - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Assault to the pulmonary system
Respiratory distress
Decreased lung compliance
Severe respiratory failure
Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- hyperreactive airway disease
- chronic inflammatory disorder causing reversible airway constriction due to bronchial
hyperreactivity
- each asthma attack remodels/makes inflammatory changes in the bronchioles, so
treatment aims to prevent these attacks!
- Occurs in about 7-14% of the US population
- Most common chronic disease in childhood
- Twice as many boys
- Mild to life threatening
- Triggered by allergens & by stimuli
Bronchiectasis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅dilation of bronchi, uncommon disease
,Causes of HYPERventilation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- hypoxic stimulation (too little
PaO2)
- anxiety, fear (breathing fast when scared)
- fever (your heart is racing)
- sepsis (stimulates respiratory center)
- brain stem injury (impaired consciousness and reflexes)
Causes of HYPOventilation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- medication (alters breathing)
- obesity (too big to breathe)
- pain (hurts to breathe)
- sleep apnea (breathing interrupted in sleep)
- paralysis (too frozen to breathe, you're on autopilot mode)
Chronic Bronchitis/Type B COPD - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- hypersecretion of mucus
in the large & small airways w/ hypoxia and cyanosis
- more serious, people have it for many years
- in the long haul, the bronchioles are going to be scarred & will cause difficulty in
patients breathing
Common Cold/Rhinitis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- viral infection of the upper
respiratory system
- inflammation and irritation of mucous membranes of the nasal passages
Cystic Fibrosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅autosomal recessive disorder of the exocrine
glands
Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- the air that's being sent to the alveoli
- gases are moving between the air spaces in your lungs and blood stream constantly
think of a diffusor spreading essential oil vapor into the air
Early S/S of respiratory failure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Rapid/Shallow breathing
- ↑ inspiratory muscle movement
Emphysema/Type A COPD - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- characteristic finding is
overdistention of alveoli with trapped air, which creates obstruction to expiratory airflow,
loss of elastic recoil of alveoli, high residual volume of CO2 in lungs
- Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
- Most people that get emphysema don't have this
- It breaks down the alveolar walls.
Etiology for Acute Bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Acute inflammation of trachea
& bronchi
- Highest incidence: Smokers, Young children, Elderly, Winter months
, - 80% viral in origin
- Other causes: Bacterial infections, Smoking, Toxic exposures, Allergic reactions
- respiratory viruses are most common causes, like Flu A/B
Etiology for ARDS - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- 20-90% mortality
- If the patient recovers from acute event usually return to normal lung functioning
- Hallmark: Hypoxemia refractory to ↑ levels of supplemental O2
- Associated with:
Trauma (>40%),
Shock,
Sepsis,
Aspiration of gastric acid,
Fat emboli
Etiology for Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Intrinsic/environmental (non-allergic) vs
extrinsic/genetic (IgE)
I = respiratory infections, exercise, stress, pulmonary irritants exposure, MSG's or Hops,
aspirin
E = begins in childhood, hay fever/eczema, positive family history, sensitivity to specific
allergens (like pollen, pet dander, dust, mold)
Etiology for bronchiectasis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Can be acquired or congenital
- 50% of cases associated with Cystic Fibrosis
- most commonly caused by untreated infections that lead to chronic inflammation and
dilation of bronchi
Etiology for chronic bronchitis/type B COPD - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Often occurs
with emphysema
- 90% related to smoking
- Recurrent infection
- Defining characteristics:
Chronic cough
↑ mucous production, "blue bloater"
Hallmark: obstruction of airflow caused by mucous plugging the airway
Etiology for common cold/rhinitis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Caused by rhinoviruses,
parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, coronaviruses, or adenoviruses
(may live up to 5 hours on hard surfaces)
- Over 100 subtypes of each group
- Acquire immunity
Etiology for cystic fibrosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Characterized by hyperthick
mucous secretions
- Rare in African Americans, Native Americans, Asians
- Caucasians: 1 in 25 are carriers
Study Guide EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS.
4 major types of lung cancer - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- squamous cell
- adenocarcinoma
- large cell
- small cell (oat cell)
know that small cell tends to rapidly grow and metastasize, while non-small cell or large
cell tends to develop more subtly over a longer period
squamous, adenocarcinoma, and large cell are all non-small cancers
Acute (Adult) Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅pulmonary dysfunction characterized by damage to alveoli, capillary
membrane, as well as bilateral pulmonary infiltrates & severe hypoxia
Acute Bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅inflamed bronchi and bronchiole tubes; can
turn into pneumonia if untreated
ARDS Memory Jogger - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Assault to the pulmonary system
Respiratory distress
Decreased lung compliance
Severe respiratory failure
Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- hyperreactive airway disease
- chronic inflammatory disorder causing reversible airway constriction due to bronchial
hyperreactivity
- each asthma attack remodels/makes inflammatory changes in the bronchioles, so
treatment aims to prevent these attacks!
- Occurs in about 7-14% of the US population
- Most common chronic disease in childhood
- Twice as many boys
- Mild to life threatening
- Triggered by allergens & by stimuli
Bronchiectasis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅dilation of bronchi, uncommon disease
,Causes of HYPERventilation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- hypoxic stimulation (too little
PaO2)
- anxiety, fear (breathing fast when scared)
- fever (your heart is racing)
- sepsis (stimulates respiratory center)
- brain stem injury (impaired consciousness and reflexes)
Causes of HYPOventilation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- medication (alters breathing)
- obesity (too big to breathe)
- pain (hurts to breathe)
- sleep apnea (breathing interrupted in sleep)
- paralysis (too frozen to breathe, you're on autopilot mode)
Chronic Bronchitis/Type B COPD - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- hypersecretion of mucus
in the large & small airways w/ hypoxia and cyanosis
- more serious, people have it for many years
- in the long haul, the bronchioles are going to be scarred & will cause difficulty in
patients breathing
Common Cold/Rhinitis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- viral infection of the upper
respiratory system
- inflammation and irritation of mucous membranes of the nasal passages
Cystic Fibrosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅autosomal recessive disorder of the exocrine
glands
Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- the air that's being sent to the alveoli
- gases are moving between the air spaces in your lungs and blood stream constantly
think of a diffusor spreading essential oil vapor into the air
Early S/S of respiratory failure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Rapid/Shallow breathing
- ↑ inspiratory muscle movement
Emphysema/Type A COPD - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- characteristic finding is
overdistention of alveoli with trapped air, which creates obstruction to expiratory airflow,
loss of elastic recoil of alveoli, high residual volume of CO2 in lungs
- Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
- Most people that get emphysema don't have this
- It breaks down the alveolar walls.
Etiology for Acute Bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Acute inflammation of trachea
& bronchi
- Highest incidence: Smokers, Young children, Elderly, Winter months
, - 80% viral in origin
- Other causes: Bacterial infections, Smoking, Toxic exposures, Allergic reactions
- respiratory viruses are most common causes, like Flu A/B
Etiology for ARDS - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- 20-90% mortality
- If the patient recovers from acute event usually return to normal lung functioning
- Hallmark: Hypoxemia refractory to ↑ levels of supplemental O2
- Associated with:
Trauma (>40%),
Shock,
Sepsis,
Aspiration of gastric acid,
Fat emboli
Etiology for Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Intrinsic/environmental (non-allergic) vs
extrinsic/genetic (IgE)
I = respiratory infections, exercise, stress, pulmonary irritants exposure, MSG's or Hops,
aspirin
E = begins in childhood, hay fever/eczema, positive family history, sensitivity to specific
allergens (like pollen, pet dander, dust, mold)
Etiology for bronchiectasis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Can be acquired or congenital
- 50% of cases associated with Cystic Fibrosis
- most commonly caused by untreated infections that lead to chronic inflammation and
dilation of bronchi
Etiology for chronic bronchitis/type B COPD - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Often occurs
with emphysema
- 90% related to smoking
- Recurrent infection
- Defining characteristics:
Chronic cough
↑ mucous production, "blue bloater"
Hallmark: obstruction of airflow caused by mucous plugging the airway
Etiology for common cold/rhinitis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Caused by rhinoviruses,
parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, coronaviruses, or adenoviruses
(may live up to 5 hours on hard surfaces)
- Over 100 subtypes of each group
- Acquire immunity
Etiology for cystic fibrosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Characterized by hyperthick
mucous secretions
- Rare in African Americans, Native Americans, Asians
- Caucasians: 1 in 25 are carriers
