GERONTOLOGICAL NURSING ELIOPOULOS
FINAL PAPER 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Simple Screen for Dehydration: Answer: Drugs e.g diuretics
End of life
High fever
Yellow urine turns dark
Dizziness (orthostasis)
Reduced oral intake
Axilla dry
Tachycardia
Incontinence
Oral problems/sippers
Neurological impairment
Sunken Eyes
◉ Examples of moderate intensity exercises: Answer:
Washing/Waxing car for 45-60 minutes; Washing windows/floors
for 45-60 minutes; Gardening for 35-40 minutes; Wheeling one's self
in a wheelchair for 30-40 minutes; Walking 2 miles in 30 minutes;
swimming laps/water aerobics for 20 minutes.
,◉ Proper use of assistive devices to prevent falls Answer: Put all
your weight on unaffected leg, wear low heeled, nonskid shows,
when using a cane on stairs, step up with strong leg and down with
weaker leg, when using a walker, stand upright and lift or roll the
walker with both hands, lean slightly forward and hold the arms of
the walker for support.
◉ Define Pressure Ulcers: Answer: Localized injury to the skin
and/or underlying tissue over a bony prominence, as a result of
pressure, or pressure in combination with shear and/or friction.
Heels are particularly apt to develop pressure ulcers, since they are
small surfaces that receive a high degree of pressure. 4 stages.
◉ Stage 1 Pressure Ulcer Answer: Erythema not resolving within 30
minutes of pressure relief. Epidermis remains intact. Reversible with
intervention.
◉ Stage 2 Pressure Ulcer Answer: Partial-thickness loss of skin
layers involving epidermis and possibly penetrating into but not
through dermis. May present as blistering with erythema and/or
induration; wound base moist and pink; painful; free of necrotic
tissue.
◉ Stage 3 Pressure Ulcer Answer: Full-thickness tissue loss
extending through dermis to involve subcutaneous tissue. Presents
, as shallow crater unless covered by eschar. May include necrotic
tissue, undermining, sinus tract formation, exudate, and/or
infection. Wound base is usually not painful.
◉ Stage 4 Pressure Ulcer Answer: Deep tissue destruction extending
through subcutaneous tissue to fascia, possibly involving muscle
layers, joint and/or bone. Presents as a deep crater. May include
necrotic tissue, undermining, sinus tract formation, exudate, and/or
infection. Wound base is usually not painful.
◉ Xerosis Answer: Extremely dry, cracked, and itchy skin; Occurs
primarily in the extremities; exposure to environmental elements
contributes to skin dryness and dehydration; dry skin may be just
dry skin, but it may also be a symptom of more serious systemic
disease.
◉ Pruritus Answer: A symptom, not a diagnosis or disease; a threat
to skin integrity because of the attempts to relieve it by scratching;
aggravated by perfumed detergents, fabric softeners, heat, sudden
temperature changes, gentle touch, pressure, vibration, electrical
stimuli, sweating, restrictive clothing, fatigue, exercise, and anxiety.
◉ Herpes Zoster Answer: A viral infection frequently seen in older
adults; peak incidence occurs between 50-70; immunosuppressed
elders and those with histories of chicken pox are at greatest risk;
always occurs along a nerve pathway or dermatome; during the
FINAL PAPER 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Simple Screen for Dehydration: Answer: Drugs e.g diuretics
End of life
High fever
Yellow urine turns dark
Dizziness (orthostasis)
Reduced oral intake
Axilla dry
Tachycardia
Incontinence
Oral problems/sippers
Neurological impairment
Sunken Eyes
◉ Examples of moderate intensity exercises: Answer:
Washing/Waxing car for 45-60 minutes; Washing windows/floors
for 45-60 minutes; Gardening for 35-40 minutes; Wheeling one's self
in a wheelchair for 30-40 minutes; Walking 2 miles in 30 minutes;
swimming laps/water aerobics for 20 minutes.
,◉ Proper use of assistive devices to prevent falls Answer: Put all
your weight on unaffected leg, wear low heeled, nonskid shows,
when using a cane on stairs, step up with strong leg and down with
weaker leg, when using a walker, stand upright and lift or roll the
walker with both hands, lean slightly forward and hold the arms of
the walker for support.
◉ Define Pressure Ulcers: Answer: Localized injury to the skin
and/or underlying tissue over a bony prominence, as a result of
pressure, or pressure in combination with shear and/or friction.
Heels are particularly apt to develop pressure ulcers, since they are
small surfaces that receive a high degree of pressure. 4 stages.
◉ Stage 1 Pressure Ulcer Answer: Erythema not resolving within 30
minutes of pressure relief. Epidermis remains intact. Reversible with
intervention.
◉ Stage 2 Pressure Ulcer Answer: Partial-thickness loss of skin
layers involving epidermis and possibly penetrating into but not
through dermis. May present as blistering with erythema and/or
induration; wound base moist and pink; painful; free of necrotic
tissue.
◉ Stage 3 Pressure Ulcer Answer: Full-thickness tissue loss
extending through dermis to involve subcutaneous tissue. Presents
, as shallow crater unless covered by eschar. May include necrotic
tissue, undermining, sinus tract formation, exudate, and/or
infection. Wound base is usually not painful.
◉ Stage 4 Pressure Ulcer Answer: Deep tissue destruction extending
through subcutaneous tissue to fascia, possibly involving muscle
layers, joint and/or bone. Presents as a deep crater. May include
necrotic tissue, undermining, sinus tract formation, exudate, and/or
infection. Wound base is usually not painful.
◉ Xerosis Answer: Extremely dry, cracked, and itchy skin; Occurs
primarily in the extremities; exposure to environmental elements
contributes to skin dryness and dehydration; dry skin may be just
dry skin, but it may also be a symptom of more serious systemic
disease.
◉ Pruritus Answer: A symptom, not a diagnosis or disease; a threat
to skin integrity because of the attempts to relieve it by scratching;
aggravated by perfumed detergents, fabric softeners, heat, sudden
temperature changes, gentle touch, pressure, vibration, electrical
stimuli, sweating, restrictive clothing, fatigue, exercise, and anxiety.
◉ Herpes Zoster Answer: A viral infection frequently seen in older
adults; peak incidence occurs between 50-70; immunosuppressed
elders and those with histories of chicken pox are at greatest risk;
always occurs along a nerve pathway or dermatome; during the
