NURS 611 Pathophysiology
Exam 4 LATEST QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
100% GUARANTEED PASS
Diarrhea - correct answer It is defined as three or more watery or loose stools in 24 hours.
Acute Infectious Diarrhea - correct answer Associated with viral or bacterial gastroenteritis from
contaminated food or water.
Viruses include rotaviruses, noroviruses, and adenoviruses, COVID-19
C. difficile is often associated with previous antibiotic therapy.
E. Coli and Shiga Toxin causes HUS
Hemolytic uremic syndrome - correct answer Acute thrombotic microangiopathy is
characterized by hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia and may cause acute renal failure.
Caused by E. Coli and Shiga Toxin diarrhea
Secretory Diarrhea
Osmotic Diarrhea - correct answer Draws fluid into the lumen by osmosis - more water is pulled
into the bowel.
,Examples: synthetic absorbable sugars, sorbitol, dumping syndrome associated with GASTRIC
resection), lactulose, celiac disease and lactose intolerance
Large Volume
Intestinal Dysmotility - correct answer Reduces intestinal transit time with luminal fluid
retention - Increased peristalsis
Examples:
Resection of the SMALL INTESTINE (short bowel resection), fistula, diabetic Neuropathy,
hyperthyroidism and laxative abuse, IBS
The inflammatory process causes increased gut motility and type of secretory diarrhea that
results in malabsorption and an increased luminal osmotic load from nutrients, fluid, and blood
- correct answer Inflammatory Diarrhea
Examples: Inflammatory bowel disease UC or CD
(Not to be confused with IBS)
Smooth muscle contraction, cramping-type pain, bowel urgency, and frequency
Small-Volume Diarrhea
Secretory Diarrhea - correct answer Increases fluid secretion across the intestinal epithelium
into the GI lumen - activation of afferent neurons that stimulate submucosal secretomotor
neurons, and altered sodium and chloride transport that results in decreased water absorption
,Excessive mucosal secretions of chloride or bicarbonate-rich and large fluid-volume deficit
Examples: Cholera, rotaviruses,
C. difficile, E. Coli, Shiga Toxin, Chronic malnutrition
It can be severe, with a high mortality rate in Countries
Large-Volume Diarrhea
Pityriasis Rosea - correct answer 1. Herald patch
Cardinal Sign:
(Upper Shoulder - unilateral lesion patch looks like burn or cut)
2.) Oval maculopapular rash
(Pine tree or Christmas tree pattern on back - Similar to shingles, but the difference/differential
BL)
3. Pruritis
4. Viral Herpes-like Infection - human herpesvirus 6 [HHV6-roseola] and HHV7
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome - correct answer "Severe Mucocutaneous Bullous "
(form involving up to 10% of the body surface area) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (severe
mucocutaneous bullous form involving 30% or more of the body surface area) are the same
disease with a continuum of symptoms. Both are type IV hypersensitivity reactions to drugs and
are medical emergencies.
, Lyme disease - correct answer Immune response caused by the
spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.
Deer or Bear Tick (Ixodes species) only transmits it, NOT species like American Tick. Typically, in
October, in tall grass, hikes, hunter's.
Stage 1. Erythematous bull's eye lesions
2. Chronic myalgias, arthralgias, and
3. neurologic manifestations
"BAKE" key "LIME" pie:
Bell's Palsy's, Arthritis, K(cardiac block) AV, Erthymias (Bull's Eye)
Impetigo - correct answer 1. Superficial infection of the skin caused by coagulase-positive S.
aureus (most common)
Or
2. Alpha-hemolytic streptococci pyogenes
less common
Contagious bacterial disease occurs in two forms: bullous (rare and only caused by S. aureus)
and vesicular. The toxins from the bacteria produce a weeping lesion with a honey-colored
crust.
Exam 4 LATEST QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
100% GUARANTEED PASS
Diarrhea - correct answer It is defined as three or more watery or loose stools in 24 hours.
Acute Infectious Diarrhea - correct answer Associated with viral or bacterial gastroenteritis from
contaminated food or water.
Viruses include rotaviruses, noroviruses, and adenoviruses, COVID-19
C. difficile is often associated with previous antibiotic therapy.
E. Coli and Shiga Toxin causes HUS
Hemolytic uremic syndrome - correct answer Acute thrombotic microangiopathy is
characterized by hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia and may cause acute renal failure.
Caused by E. Coli and Shiga Toxin diarrhea
Secretory Diarrhea
Osmotic Diarrhea - correct answer Draws fluid into the lumen by osmosis - more water is pulled
into the bowel.
,Examples: synthetic absorbable sugars, sorbitol, dumping syndrome associated with GASTRIC
resection), lactulose, celiac disease and lactose intolerance
Large Volume
Intestinal Dysmotility - correct answer Reduces intestinal transit time with luminal fluid
retention - Increased peristalsis
Examples:
Resection of the SMALL INTESTINE (short bowel resection), fistula, diabetic Neuropathy,
hyperthyroidism and laxative abuse, IBS
The inflammatory process causes increased gut motility and type of secretory diarrhea that
results in malabsorption and an increased luminal osmotic load from nutrients, fluid, and blood
- correct answer Inflammatory Diarrhea
Examples: Inflammatory bowel disease UC or CD
(Not to be confused with IBS)
Smooth muscle contraction, cramping-type pain, bowel urgency, and frequency
Small-Volume Diarrhea
Secretory Diarrhea - correct answer Increases fluid secretion across the intestinal epithelium
into the GI lumen - activation of afferent neurons that stimulate submucosal secretomotor
neurons, and altered sodium and chloride transport that results in decreased water absorption
,Excessive mucosal secretions of chloride or bicarbonate-rich and large fluid-volume deficit
Examples: Cholera, rotaviruses,
C. difficile, E. Coli, Shiga Toxin, Chronic malnutrition
It can be severe, with a high mortality rate in Countries
Large-Volume Diarrhea
Pityriasis Rosea - correct answer 1. Herald patch
Cardinal Sign:
(Upper Shoulder - unilateral lesion patch looks like burn or cut)
2.) Oval maculopapular rash
(Pine tree or Christmas tree pattern on back - Similar to shingles, but the difference/differential
BL)
3. Pruritis
4. Viral Herpes-like Infection - human herpesvirus 6 [HHV6-roseola] and HHV7
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome - correct answer "Severe Mucocutaneous Bullous "
(form involving up to 10% of the body surface area) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (severe
mucocutaneous bullous form involving 30% or more of the body surface area) are the same
disease with a continuum of symptoms. Both are type IV hypersensitivity reactions to drugs and
are medical emergencies.
, Lyme disease - correct answer Immune response caused by the
spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.
Deer or Bear Tick (Ixodes species) only transmits it, NOT species like American Tick. Typically, in
October, in tall grass, hikes, hunter's.
Stage 1. Erythematous bull's eye lesions
2. Chronic myalgias, arthralgias, and
3. neurologic manifestations
"BAKE" key "LIME" pie:
Bell's Palsy's, Arthritis, K(cardiac block) AV, Erthymias (Bull's Eye)
Impetigo - correct answer 1. Superficial infection of the skin caused by coagulase-positive S.
aureus (most common)
Or
2. Alpha-hemolytic streptococci pyogenes
less common
Contagious bacterial disease occurs in two forms: bullous (rare and only caused by S. aureus)
and vesicular. The toxins from the bacteria produce a weeping lesion with a honey-colored
crust.
