NURS 2003 EXAM (2026) QUESTIONS AND
(elaborated) WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
80% of heart failure cases are caused by what three things? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔--ischemic heart disease | |
-chronic hypertension |
-myocardial infarction |
Select all that apply:
| | |
Heart failure is most common in:
| | | | |
a) men
|
b) women
|
c) young adults
| |
d) old adults - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-a & d
| | | | | | |
What is ejection fraction? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The percentage of total
| | | | | | | | | |
amount of end-diastolic blood volume ejected during each systole.
| | | | | | | |
What is a normal ejection fraction? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-more than 55% of
| | | | | | | | | | | |
ventricular volume |
,Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction can also be referred to as what? -
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Systolic heart failure
| | |
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction can also be referred to as what? -
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Diastolic heart failure
| | |
Starling's Law - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The more the heart is filled during diastole
| | | | | | | | | | |
the more forcefully it contracts
| | | | |
Problems with the left ventricle indicate what? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Issues
| | | | | | | | | |
relating to the lungs (pulmonary)
| | | |
Problems with the right ventricle indicate what? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | | | |
Peripheral and systemic issues (ie., enlarged liver)
| | | | | |
Cor pulmonare - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Right sided heart failure specifically from
| | | | | | | | | |
COPD
Symptoms of left-sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔--paroxsymal
| | | | | | | |
nocturnal dyspnea |
-elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
| | | |
-pulmonary congestion (cough, crackles, wheezes, blood-tinted sputum or
| | | | | | | |
hemoptysis, tachypnea) |
-restlessness
-confusion
-orthopnea
,-tachycardia |
-fatigue
-pallor or cyanosis
| |
-exertional dyspnea |
-elevated HR, BP | |
-excessory muscles in use for breathing
| | | | |
-clammy cool skin (vasoconstriction)
| | |
-decreased PaO2 |
-decreased cardiac output | |
-decreased tissue perfusion| |
-impaired gas exchange
| |
-oliguria
Symptoms of right-sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔--distended jugular
| | | | | | | | |
veins
-anorexia |
-GI distress/congestion
|
-weight gain
|
-edema
-fatigue
-elevated venous pressure
| |
-ascites
-enlarged liver and spleen (splenomegaly and hepatomegaly)
| | | | | |
-exercise intolerance
|
, -chest pain |
What is the primary cause of right-sided heart failure? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | | | | | |
Left-sided heart failure | |
What are the 4 compensatory mechanisms for heart failure? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-1.Dilation of ventricles | |
2.Hypertrophy of the ventricles | | |
3.Activation of SNS | |
4.Neurohormonal responses |
Explain dilation of ventricles as a compensatory mechanism - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-Starling's Law explains that ventricular muscle fibers will stretch to | | | | | | | | | |
increase force of contraction and cardiac output, although elasticity may decrease
| | | | | | | | | |
|over time.
|
Explain hypertrophy as a compensatory mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | | |
Overworked and overstrained myocardial muscles will respond by increasing
| | | | | | | | |
muscle mass and thickness to restore cardiac output.
| | | | | | |
Explain SNS activation as a compensatory mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | | | |
Low cardiac output and stroke volume triggers release of epi and norepi to
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
increase HR, contractility, and vasocontriction.
| | | |
Explain neurohormonal response as a compensatory mechanism - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔--RAAS: stimulates release of ADH from posterior pituitary, ANG-II | | | | | | | | |
and aldosterone from adrenal glands
| | | |
(elaborated) WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
80% of heart failure cases are caused by what three things? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔--ischemic heart disease | |
-chronic hypertension |
-myocardial infarction |
Select all that apply:
| | |
Heart failure is most common in:
| | | | |
a) men
|
b) women
|
c) young adults
| |
d) old adults - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-a & d
| | | | | | |
What is ejection fraction? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The percentage of total
| | | | | | | | | |
amount of end-diastolic blood volume ejected during each systole.
| | | | | | | |
What is a normal ejection fraction? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-more than 55% of
| | | | | | | | | | | |
ventricular volume |
,Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction can also be referred to as what? -
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Systolic heart failure
| | |
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction can also be referred to as what? -
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Diastolic heart failure
| | |
Starling's Law - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The more the heart is filled during diastole
| | | | | | | | | | |
the more forcefully it contracts
| | | | |
Problems with the left ventricle indicate what? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Issues
| | | | | | | | | |
relating to the lungs (pulmonary)
| | | |
Problems with the right ventricle indicate what? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | | | |
Peripheral and systemic issues (ie., enlarged liver)
| | | | | |
Cor pulmonare - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Right sided heart failure specifically from
| | | | | | | | | |
COPD
Symptoms of left-sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔--paroxsymal
| | | | | | | |
nocturnal dyspnea |
-elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
| | | |
-pulmonary congestion (cough, crackles, wheezes, blood-tinted sputum or
| | | | | | | |
hemoptysis, tachypnea) |
-restlessness
-confusion
-orthopnea
,-tachycardia |
-fatigue
-pallor or cyanosis
| |
-exertional dyspnea |
-elevated HR, BP | |
-excessory muscles in use for breathing
| | | | |
-clammy cool skin (vasoconstriction)
| | |
-decreased PaO2 |
-decreased cardiac output | |
-decreased tissue perfusion| |
-impaired gas exchange
| |
-oliguria
Symptoms of right-sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔--distended jugular
| | | | | | | | |
veins
-anorexia |
-GI distress/congestion
|
-weight gain
|
-edema
-fatigue
-elevated venous pressure
| |
-ascites
-enlarged liver and spleen (splenomegaly and hepatomegaly)
| | | | | |
-exercise intolerance
|
, -chest pain |
What is the primary cause of right-sided heart failure? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | | | | | |
Left-sided heart failure | |
What are the 4 compensatory mechanisms for heart failure? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-1.Dilation of ventricles | |
2.Hypertrophy of the ventricles | | |
3.Activation of SNS | |
4.Neurohormonal responses |
Explain dilation of ventricles as a compensatory mechanism - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-Starling's Law explains that ventricular muscle fibers will stretch to | | | | | | | | | |
increase force of contraction and cardiac output, although elasticity may decrease
| | | | | | | | | |
|over time.
|
Explain hypertrophy as a compensatory mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | | |
Overworked and overstrained myocardial muscles will respond by increasing
| | | | | | | | |
muscle mass and thickness to restore cardiac output.
| | | | | | |
Explain SNS activation as a compensatory mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | | | |
Low cardiac output and stroke volume triggers release of epi and norepi to
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
increase HR, contractility, and vasocontriction.
| | | |
Explain neurohormonal response as a compensatory mechanism - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔--RAAS: stimulates release of ADH from posterior pituitary, ANG-II | | | | | | | | |
and aldosterone from adrenal glands
| | | |
