Week 1-6 NURS 2003 EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
plasma cations |
Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
| | |
plasma anions |
cl- hco3- protein - po43-
| | | |
intracellular cations |
k, na, mg
| |
intracellular anions |
PO43-
Protein-
HCO3-
Cl-
,hypernatermia
dehydration, thirst, lethargy, agitation, seizures
| | | |
treat with salt free IV fluids
| | | | |
hyponatermia
irritablity, confusion, hypotension, tachycardia, thready pulse, nausea & vomiting
| | | | | | | |
Hyponatremia is a low serum sodium level.
| | | | | |
o Common causes include water excess from inappropriate use of sodium-free or
| | | | | | | | | | | |
hypotonic IV fluids.
| |
o Symptoms of hyponatremia are related to cellular swelling and are first
| | | | | | | | | | | |
manifested in the central nervous system (CNS).
| | | | | |
hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia is an elevated serum potassium level.
| | | | | |
o The most common cause is renal failure.
| | | | | | |
Hyperkalemia is also common with massive cell destruction (e.g., burn or crush
| | | | | | | | | | | |
injury, tumour lysis); rapid transfusion of aged blood; and catabolic state (e.g.,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
severe infections).
|
,o Manifestations of hyperkalemia include cramping leg pain, followed by
| | | | | | | | | |
weakness or paralysis of skeletal muscles.
| | | | |
o All patients with clinically significant hyperkalemia should be monitored
| | | | | | | | | |
electrocardiographically to detect dysrhythmias and to monitor the effects of | | | | | | | | | |
therapy. Cardiac depolarization is impaired, leading to flattening of the P wave
| | | | | | | | | | | |
and widening of the QRS wave. Repolarization occurs more rapidly, resulting in
| | | | | | | | | | | |
shortening of the Q-T interval and causing the T wave to be narrower and more
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
peaked. Ventricular fibrillation or cardiac standstill may occur.
| | | | | | |
o The patient experiencing dangerous cardiac dysrhythmias should receive IV
| | | | | | | | | |
calcium gluconate immediately while the potassium is being eliminated and
| | | | | | | | | |
forced into cells. | |
stresss
Stress is the inability to cope with perceived (real or imagined) demands or
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
threats to an individual's mental, emotional, or spiritual well-being. These stress-
| | | | | | | | | |
inducing demands are known as stressors.
| | | | |
eustress
Not all stress is bad. Selye (1983) coined the term eustress to refer to stress
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
associated with positive events such as the birth of a baby, going for a run, falling
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
in love, or attending a much-anticipated event.
| | | | | |
, general adaptation syndrome
| |
developed by selye in 1930 | | | |
alarm, resistance and exhaustion
| | |
alarm stage GAS
| |
Alarm reaction: individual perceives a stressor physically or mentally and the
| | | | | | | | | | |
fight-or-flight response is initiated | | |
Resistance stage |
: physiological reserves are mobilized to increase the resistance to stress
| | | | | | | | | |
exhaustion stage |
Stage of exhaustion: occurs when all of the energy for adaptation has been
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
expended
stress response
|
The physiological response of the person to stress is reflected in the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
interrelationship of the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Stress
| | | | | | | | |
activation of these systems affects other systems, such as the cardiovascular,
| | | | | | | | | | |
respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, and reproductive systems.
| | | | |
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
plasma cations |
Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
| | |
plasma anions |
cl- hco3- protein - po43-
| | | |
intracellular cations |
k, na, mg
| |
intracellular anions |
PO43-
Protein-
HCO3-
Cl-
,hypernatermia
dehydration, thirst, lethargy, agitation, seizures
| | | |
treat with salt free IV fluids
| | | | |
hyponatermia
irritablity, confusion, hypotension, tachycardia, thready pulse, nausea & vomiting
| | | | | | | |
Hyponatremia is a low serum sodium level.
| | | | | |
o Common causes include water excess from inappropriate use of sodium-free or
| | | | | | | | | | | |
hypotonic IV fluids.
| |
o Symptoms of hyponatremia are related to cellular swelling and are first
| | | | | | | | | | | |
manifested in the central nervous system (CNS).
| | | | | |
hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia is an elevated serum potassium level.
| | | | | |
o The most common cause is renal failure.
| | | | | | |
Hyperkalemia is also common with massive cell destruction (e.g., burn or crush
| | | | | | | | | | | |
injury, tumour lysis); rapid transfusion of aged blood; and catabolic state (e.g.,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
severe infections).
|
,o Manifestations of hyperkalemia include cramping leg pain, followed by
| | | | | | | | | |
weakness or paralysis of skeletal muscles.
| | | | |
o All patients with clinically significant hyperkalemia should be monitored
| | | | | | | | | |
electrocardiographically to detect dysrhythmias and to monitor the effects of | | | | | | | | | |
therapy. Cardiac depolarization is impaired, leading to flattening of the P wave
| | | | | | | | | | | |
and widening of the QRS wave. Repolarization occurs more rapidly, resulting in
| | | | | | | | | | | |
shortening of the Q-T interval and causing the T wave to be narrower and more
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
peaked. Ventricular fibrillation or cardiac standstill may occur.
| | | | | | |
o The patient experiencing dangerous cardiac dysrhythmias should receive IV
| | | | | | | | | |
calcium gluconate immediately while the potassium is being eliminated and
| | | | | | | | | |
forced into cells. | |
stresss
Stress is the inability to cope with perceived (real or imagined) demands or
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
threats to an individual's mental, emotional, or spiritual well-being. These stress-
| | | | | | | | | |
inducing demands are known as stressors.
| | | | |
eustress
Not all stress is bad. Selye (1983) coined the term eustress to refer to stress
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
associated with positive events such as the birth of a baby, going for a run, falling
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
in love, or attending a much-anticipated event.
| | | | | |
, general adaptation syndrome
| |
developed by selye in 1930 | | | |
alarm, resistance and exhaustion
| | |
alarm stage GAS
| |
Alarm reaction: individual perceives a stressor physically or mentally and the
| | | | | | | | | | |
fight-or-flight response is initiated | | |
Resistance stage |
: physiological reserves are mobilized to increase the resistance to stress
| | | | | | | | | |
exhaustion stage |
Stage of exhaustion: occurs when all of the energy for adaptation has been
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
expended
stress response
|
The physiological response of the person to stress is reflected in the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
interrelationship of the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Stress
| | | | | | | | |
activation of these systems affects other systems, such as the cardiovascular,
| | | | | | | | | | |
respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, and reproductive systems.
| | | | |
