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FRQ AP BIO UNIT 4 PROGRESS CHECK ACTUAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+

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FRQ AP BIO UNIT 4 PROGRESS CHECK ACTUAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+

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FRQ AP BIO UNIT 4 PROGRESS CHECK
ACTUAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+

>> Unit 4
Answer: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle (AP Biology)


>> Cell Signaling
Answer: Process by which cells receive, interpret, and respond to signals


>> Signaling Molecule
Answer: Ligand (hormone, neurotransmitter, growth factor)


>> Receptor
Answer: Protein that binds ligand


>> Plasma Membrane Receptor
Answer: Transmembrane receptors (GPCR, RTK, ion channel)


>> Intracellular Receptor
Answer: Cytoplasmic or nuclear (steroid hormones)


>> Ligand Binding
Answer: Induces conformational change


>> Signal Transduction Pathway
Answer: Series of molecular interactions

, >> Second Messenger
Answer: Small intracellular signaling molecule (cAMP, Ca²■, IP■)


>> cAMP
Answer: Cyclic AMP; activates PKA


>> Protein Kinase A (PKA)
Answer: Phosphorylates target proteins


>> Phosphorylation Cascade
Answer: Sequential activation of kinases


>> Amplification
Answer: One signal molecule activates many downstream molecules


>> Response
Answer: Alteration in cellular activity (gene expression, enzyme activity,
cytoskeleton)


>> G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR)
Answer: Seven transmembrane domains, activates G protein


>> G Protein
Answer: Heterotrimer (α, β, γ subunits)


>> GDP
Answer: Bound to inactive Gα


>> GTP
Answer: Bound to active Gα

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