SolutionManualfor 7777 7777
Statistics for Nursing 7777 7777
7777 Research A Workbook 7777 7777
for Evidence-Based
7 7777
7777 Practice 3rd Edition
7777 7777
7777 SusanGrove Daisha
7777 7777
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded 7777 7777 7777 7 777 7777 7777
EXERC ISE
Identifying Levels 7
1
7 7 7 7
ofMeasurement: 7 7 7 7 7
77 7 7 Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, 7777 7 7 7 7
and Ratio 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Thequestionsareinboldfollowedbyanswers.
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
7777 7777 7777 77 77 77 77 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 7777
rationale for your answer.
77 77 7777 7777 7777
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories 7777 7777 7777 7 7 77 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 7777 7 777 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7 77 7
were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
7 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on
7 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies
77 77 7777 7777 77 77 77 77 7777 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7
arenotmeasured attheordinal levelbecausetheycannotberankordered, sincenodrug category can be
77 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7777 7777
considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray,
77 77 7777 7777 77 77 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7777
2019).
7777
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
rationale foryour answer.
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7777
Answer: The mode for current therapy was βblocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 prescribed drug for thissample.
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
7777 77 77 77 77 7 77 7 7 777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 77 77 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7777
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
7 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7 777 7777
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
resulted in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017).
7 7 7 7 7777 77 77 77 77 7777 7 77 7 7 777 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777
Ratio- level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove &
77 77 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7 7777
Gray,2017; Knapp, 2017).
7777 7 7777 7777
4. Researchers used thefollowing item tomeasure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in astudy:What 777 777 777 777 777 77 7777 777 777 77 777 777 77 7
category identifies your current income as an RN?
7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
a. Lessthan$50,000 7 7 7 7 7 7
b. $50,000to 59,999 7 7 7 7 77 777
c. $60,000to69,999 7 7 7 7 7 7
d. $70,000 to 80,0007 7 7 7 7777 777
e. $80,000orgreater 7 7 7 7 7 7
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
7 7 7 7 77 77 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income 7777 77 77 7777 7777 7777 7777 7 777 7777 777 7 7777 7777 7777 777 7 7 777
catego- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
ended
AG 1-1 7777
,AG 1-2 7777 Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego- ries 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either
77 77 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 77 7 7 7 777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 77 77 7 77 7
(d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
changed to greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank
7 7 7 7 7 77 77 7777 7777 77 7 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 7 77 7777
ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove
77 77 77 77 77 77 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 7 77 7 77 7 7777
& Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
77 77 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
5. WhatlevelofmeasurementistheCDSscore?Providearationaleforyouranswer. 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 77 7 77
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert 77 77 7777 7777 77 77 7 777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7777
scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp-
77 77 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7 77 7 7777 7 77 7 7 7 77 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression
77 77 7777 7777 77 77 7777 7777 7777 7777 777 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7777
symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered
77 77 7777 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777
to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
77 77 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores forthe
7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7
cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 describe CDS scores for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 77 77 7 77 7 7777 7 7 77 77 77 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7777
as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al.,
77 77 7777 77 77 77 77 7777 7 777 77 77 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 7 77 7 77 7 7 77 7
2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
77 77 7777 7777 7777 7777
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance
7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7777 7 77 7 7777
of this result.
77 77 7777 7777
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the 7777 7777 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 77 7 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 7 77
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the
77 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
7 77 77 77 77 7777 77 77 7 77 7 7777 77 77 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7 7 77 7 77 7
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases,
77 77 77 77 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 77 77 77 77 7 777 77 77 7 777 7 777 77 77 77 77 7777
cardiacpatients havemore severephysical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such
77 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7777
as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
thosein higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
7 7 7 7 7 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with 77 77 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777
an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole
77 77 7777 77 77 77 77 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7 777 7 77 7 7 7 77 7777 7777
percent (%).
77 77 7777
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15 77 77 77 77 7777 7777 77 77 7777 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 77 77 7 77 7 7 7 77 7 77 7 7 77 7 77 7 7 7 77 7 77 7 7 7 77 7 77 7 7 7777
patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients
77 77 7777 77 77 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 7777 7 777 7 777 7777 77 77 7 7 77 7 777 7 77 7
7not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7777 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7calculated by the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size)
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% =
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 77 77 7 77 7 7777 7777 777 7 7 77 7
85.8% = 86%. The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as
7777 7777 7777 7777 77 77 7777 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7directed in the question. You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients treated
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 7 77 7777
with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an
77 77 7777 77 77 7 7 77 77 7 7 77 77 7777 7 77 7 777 7 777 7 7 7 77 7 777 7 77 7 77 77
antidepressant.
7 77 7
9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in 7777 7777 7777 7777 7 777 7 77 7 7777 7 777 7777 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7
clinical practice?
77 77 7777
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal, 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7 777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
7 7777 7777 7 77 7 77 7 7 7777 7 77 7 7 777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 7 77 7777 77 7 7
determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore
77 77 7777 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 777 7 777 7 77 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7
7 could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 statusof cardiac patients.
7 7 7 7 7777 7777
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 AG 1-3
7777
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurementfor
7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7
the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
7 777 7777 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7777 77 77 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7
Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measured
7 777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
with the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,
7 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating
7 7777 7 777 77 77 7 777 7777 7 777 7777 7 7 7 7 7777 7 777 7 777 77 77 7777 7777
scalewith values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scale
7777 7 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
and the subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
statistics,such as means and SDs(see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
7 7 7 7 7 7777 7777 7777 7777 7 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
Statistics for Nursing 7777 7777
7777 Research A Workbook 7777 7777
for Evidence-Based
7 7777
7777 Practice 3rd Edition
7777 7777
7777 SusanGrove Daisha
7777 7777
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded 7777 7777 7777 7 777 7777 7777
EXERC ISE
Identifying Levels 7
1
7 7 7 7
ofMeasurement: 7 7 7 7 7
77 7 7 Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, 7777 7 7 7 7
and Ratio 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Thequestionsareinboldfollowedbyanswers.
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
7777 7777 7777 77 77 77 77 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 7777
rationale for your answer.
77 77 7777 7777 7777
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories 7777 7777 7777 7 7 77 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 7777 7 777 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7 77 7
were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
7 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on
7 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies
77 77 7777 7777 77 77 77 77 7777 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7
arenotmeasured attheordinal levelbecausetheycannotberankordered, sincenodrug category can be
77 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7777 7777
considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray,
77 77 7777 7777 77 77 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7777
2019).
7777
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
rationale foryour answer.
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7777
Answer: The mode for current therapy was βblocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 prescribed drug for thissample.
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
7777 77 77 77 77 7 77 7 7 777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 77 77 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7777
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
7 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7 777 7777
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
resulted in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017).
7 7 7 7 7777 77 77 77 77 7777 7 77 7 7 777 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777
Ratio- level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove &
77 77 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7 7777
Gray,2017; Knapp, 2017).
7777 7 7777 7777
4. Researchers used thefollowing item tomeasure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in astudy:What 777 777 777 777 777 77 7777 777 777 77 777 777 77 7
category identifies your current income as an RN?
7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
a. Lessthan$50,000 7 7 7 7 7 7
b. $50,000to 59,999 7 7 7 7 77 777
c. $60,000to69,999 7 7 7 7 7 7
d. $70,000 to 80,0007 7 7 7 7777 777
e. $80,000orgreater 7 7 7 7 7 7
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
7 7 7 7 77 77 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income 7777 77 77 7777 7777 7777 7777 7 777 7777 777 7 7777 7777 7777 777 7 7 777
catego- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
ended
AG 1-1 7777
,AG 1-2 7777 Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego- ries 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either
77 77 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 77 7 7 7 777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 77 77 7 77 7
(d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
changed to greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank
7 7 7 7 7 77 77 7777 7777 77 7 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 7 77 7777
ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove
77 77 77 77 77 77 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 7 77 7 77 7 7777
& Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
77 77 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
5. WhatlevelofmeasurementistheCDSscore?Providearationaleforyouranswer. 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 77 7 77
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert 77 77 7777 7777 77 77 7 777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7777
scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp-
77 77 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7 77 7 7777 7 77 7 7 7 77 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression
77 77 7777 7777 77 77 7777 7777 7777 7777 777 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7777
symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered
77 77 7777 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777
to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
77 77 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores forthe
7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7
cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 describe CDS scores for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 77 77 7 77 7 7777 7 7 77 77 77 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7777
as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al.,
77 77 7777 77 77 77 77 7777 7 777 77 77 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 7 77 7 77 7 7 77 7
2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
77 77 7777 7777 7777 7777
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance
7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7777 7 77 7 7777
of this result.
77 77 7777 7777
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the 7777 7777 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 77 7 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 7 77
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the
77 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
7 77 77 77 77 7777 77 77 7 77 7 7777 77 77 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7 7 77 7 77 7
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases,
77 77 77 77 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 77 77 77 77 7 777 77 77 7 777 7 777 77 77 77 77 7777
cardiacpatients havemore severephysical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such
77 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7777
as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
thosein higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
7 7 7 7 7 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with 77 77 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777
an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole
77 77 7777 77 77 77 77 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 777 7 777 7 77 7 7 7 77 7777 7777
percent (%).
77 77 7777
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15 77 77 77 77 7777 7777 77 77 7777 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 77 77 7 77 7 7 7 77 7 77 7 7 77 7 77 7 7 7 77 7 77 7 7 7 77 7 77 7 7 7777
patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients
77 77 7777 77 77 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 7777 7 777 7 777 7777 77 77 7 7 77 7 777 7 77 7
7not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7777 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7calculated by the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size)
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% =
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 77 77 7 77 7 7777 7777 777 7 7 77 7
85.8% = 86%. The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as
7777 7777 7777 7777 77 77 7777 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7directed in the question. You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients treated
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7777 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 7 77 7777
with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an
77 77 7777 77 77 7 7 77 77 7 7 77 77 7777 7 77 7 777 7 777 7 7 7 77 7 777 7 77 7 77 77
antidepressant.
7 77 7
9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in 7777 7777 7777 7777 7 777 7 77 7 7777 7 777 7777 7 77 7 7 777 7 77 7 7777 7 77 7 7 77 7
clinical practice?
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Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal, 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7 777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
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determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore
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7 could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional
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7 statusof cardiac patients.
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, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 AG 1-3
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10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurementfor
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the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measured
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with the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,
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lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating
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scalewith values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scale
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and the subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric
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statistics,such as means and SDs(see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
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