NSG530 / NSG 530 Exam 1 (2026 Update)
Advanced Pathophysiology
Questions & Verified Answers | Grade A Preparation | 100 Questions
SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1–20)
1. A patient with prolonged hypoxia is most at risk for which type of cellular injury?
A. Reversible injury
B. Necrosis
C. Hyperplasia
D. Dysplasia
✅ Answer: B. Necrosis
Rationale: Prolonged hypoxia leads to irreversible injury and cell death (necrosis).
2. Which process describes programmed cell death?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
✅ Answer: B. Apoptosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is a controlled, energy-dependent process.
3. What is the primary cause of edema in heart failure?
A. Decreased oncotic pressure
B. Increased hydrostatic pressure
C. Increased lymph flow
D. Sodium loss
✅ Answer: B. Increased hydrostatic pressure
Rationale: Heart failure increases venous pressure → fluid shifts into tissues.
4. A patient presents with hyponatremia. Which symptom is expected?
A. Thirst
B. Confusion
C. Hypertension
D. Bradycardia
✅ Answer: B. Confusion
Rationale: Low sodium affects neurological function.
, 5. Which hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
✅ Answer: A. Type I
Rationale: IgE triggers mast cell degranulation (e.g., allergies).
6. What is the hallmark of inflammation?
A. Hypoxia
B. Edema
C. Fibrosis
D. Necrosis
✅ Answer: B. Edema
Rationale: Increased vascular permeability → fluid accumulation.
7. Which condition results from potassium levels above 5.5 mEq/L?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hyponatremia
✅ Answer: B. Hyperkalemia
8. Which adaptation involves increase in cell size?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
✅ Answer: B. Hypertrophy
9. A burn patient loses plasma proteins. What occurs?
A. Increased oncotic pressure
B. Decreased oncotic pressure
C. Increased intracellular fluid
D. Reduced capillary permeability
✅ Answer: B. Decreased oncotic pressure
10. Which white blood cell is most active in allergic reactions?
A. Neutrophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Basophils
D. Monocytes
✅ Answer: B. Eosinophils
Advanced Pathophysiology
Questions & Verified Answers | Grade A Preparation | 100 Questions
SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1–20)
1. A patient with prolonged hypoxia is most at risk for which type of cellular injury?
A. Reversible injury
B. Necrosis
C. Hyperplasia
D. Dysplasia
✅ Answer: B. Necrosis
Rationale: Prolonged hypoxia leads to irreversible injury and cell death (necrosis).
2. Which process describes programmed cell death?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
✅ Answer: B. Apoptosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is a controlled, energy-dependent process.
3. What is the primary cause of edema in heart failure?
A. Decreased oncotic pressure
B. Increased hydrostatic pressure
C. Increased lymph flow
D. Sodium loss
✅ Answer: B. Increased hydrostatic pressure
Rationale: Heart failure increases venous pressure → fluid shifts into tissues.
4. A patient presents with hyponatremia. Which symptom is expected?
A. Thirst
B. Confusion
C. Hypertension
D. Bradycardia
✅ Answer: B. Confusion
Rationale: Low sodium affects neurological function.
, 5. Which hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
✅ Answer: A. Type I
Rationale: IgE triggers mast cell degranulation (e.g., allergies).
6. What is the hallmark of inflammation?
A. Hypoxia
B. Edema
C. Fibrosis
D. Necrosis
✅ Answer: B. Edema
Rationale: Increased vascular permeability → fluid accumulation.
7. Which condition results from potassium levels above 5.5 mEq/L?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hyponatremia
✅ Answer: B. Hyperkalemia
8. Which adaptation involves increase in cell size?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
✅ Answer: B. Hypertrophy
9. A burn patient loses plasma proteins. What occurs?
A. Increased oncotic pressure
B. Decreased oncotic pressure
C. Increased intracellular fluid
D. Reduced capillary permeability
✅ Answer: B. Decreased oncotic pressure
10. Which white blood cell is most active in allergic reactions?
A. Neutrophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Basophils
D. Monocytes
✅ Answer: B. Eosinophils
