NU 551 UNIT 5 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
Somatic nervous system function - Answers Controls skeletal muscle
Fastest conducting axons - Answers Large diameter, myelinated axons
Microglia function - Answers Clear debris and provide immune defense in the CNS
EPSPs effect on neuron - Answers Move membrane potential toward threshold; neuron is facilitated
Reticular Activating System (RAS) function - Answers Regulates wakefulness and alertness
Prefrontal cortex function - Answers Controls thinking, judgment, and concentration
Broca area function - Answers Motor aspect of speech production
Occipital lobe function - Answers Primary visual cortex
Hypothalamus function - Answers Regulates homeostasis and instinctive behaviors
Corpus callosum function - Answers Major fiber tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
Medulla oblongata function - Answers Controls heart rate, blood pressure, and vital reflexes
Reticular formation function - Answers Influences respiratory patterns
Lateral horn content - Answers Contains autonomic (sympathetic) neuron cell bodies
Dura mater - Answers Outermost meningeal layer
Circle of Willis function - Answers Provides collateral cerebral blood flow
Astrocytes function - Answers Support formation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
Cranial Nerve I (olfactory) damage - Answers Leads to loss of smell
α1-receptor stimulation effect - Answers Causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure
Cranial Nerve III (oculomotor) assessment - Answers Pupil response to light
CNS neuron regeneration ability - Answers CNS neurons lack the ability to regenerate
Autonomic stimulation of the pancreas - Answers Causes insulin release (neural control)
Negative feedback of thyroid hormones - Answers Increased T4 and T3 suppress TSH
Epinephrine classification - Answers Water-soluble amine hormone
Insulin effect on muscle cells - Answers Increases glucose uptake
Lipid-soluble hormone transport - Answers Cross membranes by diffusion
Posterior pituitary hormones - Answers Releases ADH and oxytocin; removal decreases ADH
Calcitonin function - Answers Reduces bone resorption; high calcium suppresses PTH
Cortisol function and regulation - Answers Main glucocorticoid; stress increases ACTH and cortisol
SIADH cause and effect - Answers Often caused by cancer; leads to hyponatremia
Graves' disease hormonal effect - Answers Causes high T3 and T4; pituitary tumors may cause visual
changes
Pyloric stenosis - Answers Hypertrophy of the pyloric muscle
Meconium ileus - Answers Occurs with cystic fibrosis
Ghrelin function - Answers Stimulates GH secretion and appetite
Parietal cell secretion - Answers Secretes HCl and intrinsic factor
Physical & biochemical barriers in innate defense - Answers Skin, mucosa, saliva, tears, mucus,
earwax; 1st line of innate defense
Innate immunity definition - Answers Nonspecific protection; inflammation and phagocytosis occur
when barriers are breached
Inflammatory response to injury - Answers Injury → vasodilation, increased permeability, leukocyte
migration → edema and pain
Mast cell role in inflammation - Answers Activate inflammation by degranulation, releasing histamine
and cytokines
First leukocytes to bacterial infection - Answers Neutrophils
Prostaglandins role - Answers Cause pain and inflammation; aspirin relieves pain by decreasing
prostaglandin synthesis (COX inhibition)
Opsonins - Answers IgG and C3b mark microbes to enhance phagocytosis
IL-1 function - Answers Triggers fever
TNF-α function - Answers Promotes inflammation and cachexia
Interferons (IFNs) function - Answers Act as antiviral cytokines
What does NOT cause pain in inflammation - Answers Histamine, vasoconstriction, or immune-
complex formation
Fibrinous exudate - Answers Sign of advanced inflammation (e.g., pneumonia)
Granuloma formation - Answers Occurs with persistent infection (e.g., toxoplasmosis, TB)
Collagen synthesis in healing - Answers Essential for healing; excess leads to keloid formation
Somatic nervous system function - Answers Controls skeletal muscle
Fastest conducting axons - Answers Large diameter, myelinated axons
Microglia function - Answers Clear debris and provide immune defense in the CNS
EPSPs effect on neuron - Answers Move membrane potential toward threshold; neuron is facilitated
Reticular Activating System (RAS) function - Answers Regulates wakefulness and alertness
Prefrontal cortex function - Answers Controls thinking, judgment, and concentration
Broca area function - Answers Motor aspect of speech production
Occipital lobe function - Answers Primary visual cortex
Hypothalamus function - Answers Regulates homeostasis and instinctive behaviors
Corpus callosum function - Answers Major fiber tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
Medulla oblongata function - Answers Controls heart rate, blood pressure, and vital reflexes
Reticular formation function - Answers Influences respiratory patterns
Lateral horn content - Answers Contains autonomic (sympathetic) neuron cell bodies
Dura mater - Answers Outermost meningeal layer
Circle of Willis function - Answers Provides collateral cerebral blood flow
Astrocytes function - Answers Support formation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
Cranial Nerve I (olfactory) damage - Answers Leads to loss of smell
α1-receptor stimulation effect - Answers Causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure
Cranial Nerve III (oculomotor) assessment - Answers Pupil response to light
CNS neuron regeneration ability - Answers CNS neurons lack the ability to regenerate
Autonomic stimulation of the pancreas - Answers Causes insulin release (neural control)
Negative feedback of thyroid hormones - Answers Increased T4 and T3 suppress TSH
Epinephrine classification - Answers Water-soluble amine hormone
Insulin effect on muscle cells - Answers Increases glucose uptake
Lipid-soluble hormone transport - Answers Cross membranes by diffusion
Posterior pituitary hormones - Answers Releases ADH and oxytocin; removal decreases ADH
Calcitonin function - Answers Reduces bone resorption; high calcium suppresses PTH
Cortisol function and regulation - Answers Main glucocorticoid; stress increases ACTH and cortisol
SIADH cause and effect - Answers Often caused by cancer; leads to hyponatremia
Graves' disease hormonal effect - Answers Causes high T3 and T4; pituitary tumors may cause visual
changes
Pyloric stenosis - Answers Hypertrophy of the pyloric muscle
Meconium ileus - Answers Occurs with cystic fibrosis
Ghrelin function - Answers Stimulates GH secretion and appetite
Parietal cell secretion - Answers Secretes HCl and intrinsic factor
Physical & biochemical barriers in innate defense - Answers Skin, mucosa, saliva, tears, mucus,
earwax; 1st line of innate defense
Innate immunity definition - Answers Nonspecific protection; inflammation and phagocytosis occur
when barriers are breached
Inflammatory response to injury - Answers Injury → vasodilation, increased permeability, leukocyte
migration → edema and pain
Mast cell role in inflammation - Answers Activate inflammation by degranulation, releasing histamine
and cytokines
First leukocytes to bacterial infection - Answers Neutrophils
Prostaglandins role - Answers Cause pain and inflammation; aspirin relieves pain by decreasing
prostaglandin synthesis (COX inhibition)
Opsonins - Answers IgG and C3b mark microbes to enhance phagocytosis
IL-1 function - Answers Triggers fever
TNF-α function - Answers Promotes inflammation and cachexia
Interferons (IFNs) function - Answers Act as antiviral cytokines
What does NOT cause pain in inflammation - Answers Histamine, vasoconstriction, or immune-
complex formation
Fibrinous exudate - Answers Sign of advanced inflammation (e.g., pneumonia)
Granuloma formation - Answers Occurs with persistent infection (e.g., toxoplasmosis, TB)
Collagen synthesis in healing - Answers Essential for healing; excess leads to keloid formation
