CS 250 with correct answers 2026
Electricityvalwaysvflowsvinva...-closedvcircuit
Onvwhatvpartvofvthevclockvsignalvdovactivevlowvcircuitsvupdatevon?-Fallingvedge
Onvwhatvpartvofvthevclockvsignalvdovactivevhighvcircuitsvupdatevon?-Risingvedge
SizevofvavRegister-64vbitsv(doublevword)
Computer-
Avmachinevthatvcanvbevprogrammedvtovcarryvoutvcomputationvautomatically.
Architecture-Conceiving,vplanning,vandvdesigningvstructures
ComputervArchitecture-
,Conceiving,vplanning,vandvdesigningvprogrammablevstructuresvthatvcompute.
Software-
Avdescriptionvofvavcomputationvexpressedvinvavprogrammingvlanguagevincludingvanyvnecessaryvda
tavandvdocumentation.
Howvisvsoftwarevwritten?-Invhighlevelvlanguagevwithvspecificvsyntaxvandvsemantics.
PurposesvofvSoftware-
1.vAvwayvtovclearlyvdefinevanvalgorithmvandvitsvdatavstructure(s).v
2.vCanvbevexecutedvandvunderstoodvbyvbothvthevmachinevandvavhuman.
Whatvexecutesvsoftware?-Anvinterpreter
Interpreter-
Avsystemvthatvdirectlyvexecutesvinstructionsvexpressedvinvavprogrammingvlanguage.
Howvisvanvinterpretervexecuted?-
Morevinterpretersv(recursionvstyle)vuntilveventuallyvthevphysicalvmachinev/vcircuitsvarevused.
BooleanvOperations-not,vand,vor
Howvcomputersvmakevhardwarevoutputsvdigital...-
Whenvavcircuitsvarevswitchingvfromvonvtovoffv(orvoffvtovon)vandvhidevthevmiddlevvoltagevfromvth
evso
ftware.vByvhidingvthevtransitionvfromvoffvtovon,vsoftwarevseesvonlyvbooleanv(orvdigital)vvalues.
MechanicalvComputers-
Computersvthatvusevmechanicalvpartsvtovrepresentvdatavforvcalculations.
, DisadvantagesvofvMechanicalvComputers-vPartsvarevnotvsmall,vsovthevmachinevisvlarge.v
-vMakingvpartsvisvexpensive.v
-
vThevshapevofvpartsvdeterminesvthevresultvofvcomputations,vsovwearvandvtearvcanvaffectvthevout
put
.v
-
vAlgorithmsvrequiringvmanyvstepsvarevslowvsincevtherevisvavmaxvtovthevspeedvthevpartsvcanvmov
e.
Howvarevcomputersvpowered?-Byvmovingvelectrons.
ElectronvProperties--vSmallvmass,vcanvmovevatvnearvlightvspeed.v
-vCanvcontrolvmotionvwithvelectronvfield.v
-vVolumevisvnegligible.v
-vElectronicvcomputersvcanvbevfast,vlightweight,vandvsmall.
ElementsvusedvinvElectronicvDevices--velementalvsiliconv(Si)vcrystals
-vGevandvcertainvalloysv-vGaAs,vSiN
-vAvtwo-dimensional,vsinglevatomicvlayervformvofvcarbonv(C),vcalledvgraphene.v
-vDevicevcostvandvperformancevisvaffectedvbyvchoicevofvelements/alloys.
CapabilitiesvanvInterpretervshouldvhave...--vAcceptvinput
-vStorevvaluesv(includevthevmemoryvfunction)
-vReadvandvwritevvaluesv(andvvariables)
-vComputev(performvfunctionsvonvvalues)
-vCreatevoutput
Electricityvalwaysvflowsvinva...-closedvcircuit
Onvwhatvpartvofvthevclockvsignalvdovactivevlowvcircuitsvupdatevon?-Fallingvedge
Onvwhatvpartvofvthevclockvsignalvdovactivevhighvcircuitsvupdatevon?-Risingvedge
SizevofvavRegister-64vbitsv(doublevword)
Computer-
Avmachinevthatvcanvbevprogrammedvtovcarryvoutvcomputationvautomatically.
Architecture-Conceiving,vplanning,vandvdesigningvstructures
ComputervArchitecture-
,Conceiving,vplanning,vandvdesigningvprogrammablevstructuresvthatvcompute.
Software-
Avdescriptionvofvavcomputationvexpressedvinvavprogrammingvlanguagevincludingvanyvnecessaryvda
tavandvdocumentation.
Howvisvsoftwarevwritten?-Invhighlevelvlanguagevwithvspecificvsyntaxvandvsemantics.
PurposesvofvSoftware-
1.vAvwayvtovclearlyvdefinevanvalgorithmvandvitsvdatavstructure(s).v
2.vCanvbevexecutedvandvunderstoodvbyvbothvthevmachinevandvavhuman.
Whatvexecutesvsoftware?-Anvinterpreter
Interpreter-
Avsystemvthatvdirectlyvexecutesvinstructionsvexpressedvinvavprogrammingvlanguage.
Howvisvanvinterpretervexecuted?-
Morevinterpretersv(recursionvstyle)vuntilveventuallyvthevphysicalvmachinev/vcircuitsvarevused.
BooleanvOperations-not,vand,vor
Howvcomputersvmakevhardwarevoutputsvdigital...-
Whenvavcircuitsvarevswitchingvfromvonvtovoffv(orvoffvtovon)vandvhidevthevmiddlevvoltagevfromvth
evso
ftware.vByvhidingvthevtransitionvfromvoffvtovon,vsoftwarevseesvonlyvbooleanv(orvdigital)vvalues.
MechanicalvComputers-
Computersvthatvusevmechanicalvpartsvtovrepresentvdatavforvcalculations.
, DisadvantagesvofvMechanicalvComputers-vPartsvarevnotvsmall,vsovthevmachinevisvlarge.v
-vMakingvpartsvisvexpensive.v
-
vThevshapevofvpartsvdeterminesvthevresultvofvcomputations,vsovwearvandvtearvcanvaffectvthevout
put
.v
-
vAlgorithmsvrequiringvmanyvstepsvarevslowvsincevtherevisvavmaxvtovthevspeedvthevpartsvcanvmov
e.
Howvarevcomputersvpowered?-Byvmovingvelectrons.
ElectronvProperties--vSmallvmass,vcanvmovevatvnearvlightvspeed.v
-vCanvcontrolvmotionvwithvelectronvfield.v
-vVolumevisvnegligible.v
-vElectronicvcomputersvcanvbevfast,vlightweight,vandvsmall.
ElementsvusedvinvElectronicvDevices--velementalvsiliconv(Si)vcrystals
-vGevandvcertainvalloysv-vGaAs,vSiN
-vAvtwo-dimensional,vsinglevatomicvlayervformvofvcarbonv(C),vcalledvgraphene.v
-vDevicevcostvandvperformancevisvaffectedvbyvchoicevofvelements/alloys.
CapabilitiesvanvInterpretervshouldvhave...--vAcceptvinput
-vStorevvaluesv(includevthevmemoryvfunction)
-vReadvandvwritevvaluesv(andvvariables)
-vComputev(performvfunctionsvonvvalues)
-vCreatevoutput
