NURS 231 / BIOD 331 Pathophysiology – Module 10 Exam – Portage Learning – Practice Questions with Correct Answers and Detailed Rationales LATEST UPDATE

NURS 231 - BIOD 331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY –
MODULE 10 EXAM (PORTAGE LEARNING)
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES GRADED A+
LATEST 2026-2027

Question 1
Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to occur with prolonged vomiting?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hyperphosphatemia
CORRECT ANS> B
Rationale: Gastric secretions contain potassium; prolonged vomiting results in
potassium loss, leading to hypokalemia.


Question 2
A patient with metabolic acidosis is expected to demonstrate which
compensatory response?
A. Decreased respiratory rate
B. Increased renal bicarbonate excretion
C. Increased respiratory rate
D. Decreased hydrogen ion excretion
CORRECT ANS> C
Rationale: Metabolic acidosis triggers respiratory compensation through
hyperventilation to reduce carbon dioxide and raise pH.


Question 3

,Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating serum calcium levels?
A. Aldosterone
B. Antidiuretic hormone
C. Parathyroid hormone
D. Cortisol
CORRECT ANS> C
Rationale: Parathyroid hormone increases serum calcium by promoting bone
resorption, renal reabsorption, and intestinal absorption.


Question 4
In acute kidney injury, which laboratory finding is expected?
A. Decreased serum creatinine
B. Decreased blood urea nitrogen
C. Increased serum potassium
D. Decreased phosphorus
CORRECT ANS> C
Rationale: Reduced renal excretion leads to potassium retention and
hyperkalemia.


Question 5
Which condition most commonly causes respiratory alkalosis?
A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
B. Prolonged diarrhea
C. Anxiety-induced hyperventilation
D. Renal failure
CORRECT ANS> C
Rationale: Hyperventilation causes excessive carbon dioxide loss, resulting in
respiratory alkalosis.
Question 6

,Edema formation is primarily caused by which pathophysiologic mechanism?
A. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
B. Decreased capillary permeability
C. Increased hydrostatic pressure
D. Decreased interstitial fluid volume
CORRECT ANS> C
Rationale: Increased hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of capillaries into the
interstitial space, leading to edema.


Question 7
Which acid–base imbalance is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?
A. Respiratory alkalosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Metabolic acidosis
CORRECT ANS> D
Rationale: Accumulation of ketoacids lowers blood pH, causing metabolic
acidosis.




Question 8
Which electrolyte imbalance increases the risk for cardiac dysrhythmias?

, A. Hypocalcemia
B. Hypermagnesemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypophosphatemia
CORRECT ANS> C
Rationale: Elevated potassium interferes with cardiac electrical conduction and
can cause lethal dysrhythmias.


Question 9
The primary function of aldosterone is to:
A. Promote water excretion
B. Increase sodium reabsorption
C. Decrease potassium excretion
D. Decrease blood pressure
CORRECT ANS> B
Rationale: Aldosterone promotes sodium and water reabsorption while
increasing potassium excretion.


Question 10
Which clinical manifestation is most consistent with hyponatremia?
A. Muscle rigidity
B. Confusion and seizures
C. Bradycardia
D. Dry mucous membranes
CORRECT ANS> B
Rationale: Low sodium causes cerebral edema, leading to neurologic
symptoms such as confusion and seizures.
Question 11