CISA FINAL PAPER EXAM 2 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉ DDL - Data Definition Language. Answer: used for setup an
removal phases, defines db structure
◉ DML- Data Manipulation Language. Answer: used to insert,
retrieve and modify data
◉ Normalization. Answer: The elimination of redundant data
◉ Modulation. Answer: Converting digital signal to analog.
◉ Protocol analyzers. Answer: are network diagnostic tools that
monitor and record network information from packets traveling in
the link to which the analyzer is attached.
◉ REPEATER. Answer: Physical layer device that extends the
network range or connects two separate network segments together
Layer 1
,◉ Routers. Answer: are physical devices that join multiple wired or
wireless networks together. Technically, a wired or wireless router is
a Layer 3 gateway, meaning that the wired/wireless router connects
networks (as gateways do), and that the router operates at the
network layer of the OSI model.
◉ A network switch. Answer: is a small hardware device that joins
multiple computers together within one local area network (LAN).
Technically, network switches operate at layer two (Data Link Layer
- Layer 2) of the OSI model.
◉ Network switches appear nearly identical to network hubs, but a
switch.... Answer: generally contains more "intelligence" (and a
slightly higher price tag) than a hub. Unlike hubs, network switches
are capable of inspecting data packets as they are received,
determining the source and destination device of that packet, and
forwarding it appropriately. By delivering each message only to the
connected device it was intended for, a network switch conserves
network bandwidth and offers generally better performance than a
hub.
◉ A hub. Answer: is a device that connects two segments of a single
LAN. A hub is a repeater. It provides transparent connectivity to
users on all segments of the same LAN. It is a level 1 device.
◉ Passive hubs. Answer: do not amplify the electrical signal of
incoming packets before broadcasting them out to the network.
, Active hubs, on the other hand, do perform this amplification, as
does a different type of dedicated network device called a repeater.
Some people use the terms concentrator when referring to a passive
hub and multiport repeater when referring to an active hub.
◉ Intelligent hubs. Answer: add extra features to an active hub that
are of particular importance to businesses. An intelligent hub
typically is stackable (built in such a way that multiple units can be
placed one on top of the other to conserve space). It also typically
includes remote management capabilities via SNMP and virtual LAN
(VLAN) support.
◉ A bridge. Answer: operates at level 2 of the OSI layer and is used
to connect two LANs using different protocols (e.g., joining an
ethernet and token network) to form a logical network. Bridges
reduce the amount of traffic on a LAN by dividing it into two
segments. Bridges inspect incoming traffic and decide whether to
forward or discard it. An Ethernet bridge, for example, inspects each
incoming Ethernet frame - including the source and destination MAC
addresses, and sometimes the frame size - in making individual
forwarding decisions.
◉ A gateway. Answer: which is a level 7 device, is used to connect a
LAN to a WAN.
◉ Middleware. Answer: a class of software employed by client-
server applications, provides services, such as identification,
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉ DDL - Data Definition Language. Answer: used for setup an
removal phases, defines db structure
◉ DML- Data Manipulation Language. Answer: used to insert,
retrieve and modify data
◉ Normalization. Answer: The elimination of redundant data
◉ Modulation. Answer: Converting digital signal to analog.
◉ Protocol analyzers. Answer: are network diagnostic tools that
monitor and record network information from packets traveling in
the link to which the analyzer is attached.
◉ REPEATER. Answer: Physical layer device that extends the
network range or connects two separate network segments together
Layer 1
,◉ Routers. Answer: are physical devices that join multiple wired or
wireless networks together. Technically, a wired or wireless router is
a Layer 3 gateway, meaning that the wired/wireless router connects
networks (as gateways do), and that the router operates at the
network layer of the OSI model.
◉ A network switch. Answer: is a small hardware device that joins
multiple computers together within one local area network (LAN).
Technically, network switches operate at layer two (Data Link Layer
- Layer 2) of the OSI model.
◉ Network switches appear nearly identical to network hubs, but a
switch.... Answer: generally contains more "intelligence" (and a
slightly higher price tag) than a hub. Unlike hubs, network switches
are capable of inspecting data packets as they are received,
determining the source and destination device of that packet, and
forwarding it appropriately. By delivering each message only to the
connected device it was intended for, a network switch conserves
network bandwidth and offers generally better performance than a
hub.
◉ A hub. Answer: is a device that connects two segments of a single
LAN. A hub is a repeater. It provides transparent connectivity to
users on all segments of the same LAN. It is a level 1 device.
◉ Passive hubs. Answer: do not amplify the electrical signal of
incoming packets before broadcasting them out to the network.
, Active hubs, on the other hand, do perform this amplification, as
does a different type of dedicated network device called a repeater.
Some people use the terms concentrator when referring to a passive
hub and multiport repeater when referring to an active hub.
◉ Intelligent hubs. Answer: add extra features to an active hub that
are of particular importance to businesses. An intelligent hub
typically is stackable (built in such a way that multiple units can be
placed one on top of the other to conserve space). It also typically
includes remote management capabilities via SNMP and virtual LAN
(VLAN) support.
◉ A bridge. Answer: operates at level 2 of the OSI layer and is used
to connect two LANs using different protocols (e.g., joining an
ethernet and token network) to form a logical network. Bridges
reduce the amount of traffic on a LAN by dividing it into two
segments. Bridges inspect incoming traffic and decide whether to
forward or discard it. An Ethernet bridge, for example, inspects each
incoming Ethernet frame - including the source and destination MAC
addresses, and sometimes the frame size - in making individual
forwarding decisions.
◉ A gateway. Answer: which is a level 7 device, is used to connect a
LAN to a WAN.
◉ Middleware. Answer: a class of software employed by client-
server applications, provides services, such as identification,
