PPN 301 - week 3 questions and
answers 2025-2026
may be challenged by language barriers, past negative experiences with health care providers,
lack of transportation, and limited health care facilities available in remote or rural communities
- ANS✔✔ access to prenatal care
life or health of the mother or newborn is jeopardized by a disorder or medical, social or
environmental factors coincident with or unique to pregnancy
-for the mother, the high-risk status arbitrarily extends through the puerperium (approximately
6 weeks after childbirth)
-the diagnosis of high risk imposes a situational crisis on the family
-requires decision making about whether to continue or interrupt the pregnancy or birth of a
newborn who does not meet cultural, societal, or familial norms and expectations
-this heightened anxiety can contribute to preterm birth in some patients and may influence
parental attitude toward the infant - ANS✔✔ high-risk pregnancy
-usually are resolved within 1 month of birth, but perinatal morbidity may continue for months
or years
-may take 3 to 6 months to return to prepregnancy stability - ANS✔✔ postbirth maternal
complications
income and social status, social support networks, education, employment and working
conditions, physical environment, personal health practices and coping skills, biology and
genetics, availability of health services, and culture - ANS✔✔ social and individual factors
associated with high-risk child-bearing
-poverty, unsafe living conditions, food insecurity, racism and oppression
,-contribute to chronic stress which lead to preterm birth and hypertension - ANS✔✔ social
factors that affect physiological level
cultural information, mothering by their mothers and strong family support - ANS✔✔ social
determinants of health which contribute to resilience and strength (Aboriginal)
>genetic risks include heritable factors that originate within the mother or fetus and affect the
development or functioning of either or both
>may interfere with healthy fetal or newborn development, result in congenital anomalies, or
create difficulties for the mother
>altered genes, transmittable inherited disorders, chromosome anomalies, multiple pregnancy,
large fetal size, and ABO incompatibility - ANS✔✔ biology and genetic factors - genetic
considerations:
availability of healthcare, physical environment, income and social status, education, social
support networks, culture, employment or working hazards - ANS✔✔ demographic
characteristics
-varies w geographic region
-people in urban areas tend to have more prenatal visits than patients in remote and rural
areas, who have fewer opportunities for specialized care because of the distance they have to
travel to get to it
-lower socioeconomic situations
-recent immigrants - ANS✔✔ availability of healthcare
>unsafe soil and water conditions and environmental exposure to pollutants, such as paint with
lead content
>many Indigenous communities have boil-water alerts to ensure that they are drinking safe
water
,>the consumption of mercury-contaminated fish, which may pose health risks to a developing
fetus - ANS✔✔ physical environment
>most important determinant of health because of its influence on living conditions, level of
education, quality of diet, and extent of physical activity
>lower income level is associated with an increased risk for medical complications of pregnancy
>patient with a lower income may not have as many support people to ask for assistance or to
arrange for transportation to appointments or for child care
>for young Indigenous patients, trying to meet the challenges of a pregnancy is a source of
"pride" - ANS✔✔ income and social status
>level of education can reflect their knowledge of the importance of prenatal care and
awareness of where to receive it
>having a higher education level can increase pregnant patients' confidence in asking questions
and making choices and has been associated with fewer adverse outcomes in pregnancy and
postpartum - ANS✔✔ education
>the increased mortality and morbidity rates for single patients, including a greater risk for pre-
eclampsia, are often related to inadequate prenatal care, lower socioeconomic status, lower
level of education, and younger childbearing age
>availability of social networks and close community ties have been shown to alleviate barriers
related to lower income and less education - ANS✔✔ social support networks
>Indigenous patients have described encounters with health care providers that include
judgement of their lifestyle choices, racism, and discrimination
>many factors influence whether they attend prenatal care visits, including lack of
transportation, complex life situations, and whether they have had experience with child
protection services
>patients have described their willingness to seek health care for their children but a reluctance
to seek their own health care because of past negative experiences - ANS✔✔ culture
, >occupational hazards can be grouped into chemical, physical, biological, and psychological
hazards
>the risk to the fetus depends on the timing of the exposure, the dose, and fetal and maternal
susceptibility
>patients who work at highly physically demanding jobs or are exposed to hazards such as
industrial fumes or do shift work have higher pregnancy risks - ANS✔✔ employment/working
hazards
problematic substance use, nutritional status, dental hygiene, psychosocial stressors - ANS✔✔
personal health practices and coping skills
>smoking is associated with intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, and low birth weight
>alcohol consumption has adverse effects on the fetus, resulting in fetal alcohol spectrum
disorders, which include fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder,
and alcohol-related birth defects
>recreational or prescribed medication misuse can be teratogenic, cause metabolic
disturbances, produce chemical effects, or cause depression or alteration of central nervous
system function - ANS✔✔ substance use
>dietary deficiencies are more common among households with children that have a lone
parent, are Indigenous, and are receiving social assistance
>conditions that influence nutritional status include the following: young age of the mother;
three pregnancies in the previous 2 years; tobacco, alcohol, or problematic substance use;
inadequate dietary intake because of chronic illness or food fads; and inadequate or excessive
weight gain - ANS✔✔ nutritional status
>periodontal disease increases the risk for preterm birth and low birth weight - ANS✔✔ dental
hygiene
>there is a relationship between emotional distress and birth complications
answers 2025-2026
may be challenged by language barriers, past negative experiences with health care providers,
lack of transportation, and limited health care facilities available in remote or rural communities
- ANS✔✔ access to prenatal care
life or health of the mother or newborn is jeopardized by a disorder or medical, social or
environmental factors coincident with or unique to pregnancy
-for the mother, the high-risk status arbitrarily extends through the puerperium (approximately
6 weeks after childbirth)
-the diagnosis of high risk imposes a situational crisis on the family
-requires decision making about whether to continue or interrupt the pregnancy or birth of a
newborn who does not meet cultural, societal, or familial norms and expectations
-this heightened anxiety can contribute to preterm birth in some patients and may influence
parental attitude toward the infant - ANS✔✔ high-risk pregnancy
-usually are resolved within 1 month of birth, but perinatal morbidity may continue for months
or years
-may take 3 to 6 months to return to prepregnancy stability - ANS✔✔ postbirth maternal
complications
income and social status, social support networks, education, employment and working
conditions, physical environment, personal health practices and coping skills, biology and
genetics, availability of health services, and culture - ANS✔✔ social and individual factors
associated with high-risk child-bearing
-poverty, unsafe living conditions, food insecurity, racism and oppression
,-contribute to chronic stress which lead to preterm birth and hypertension - ANS✔✔ social
factors that affect physiological level
cultural information, mothering by their mothers and strong family support - ANS✔✔ social
determinants of health which contribute to resilience and strength (Aboriginal)
>genetic risks include heritable factors that originate within the mother or fetus and affect the
development or functioning of either or both
>may interfere with healthy fetal or newborn development, result in congenital anomalies, or
create difficulties for the mother
>altered genes, transmittable inherited disorders, chromosome anomalies, multiple pregnancy,
large fetal size, and ABO incompatibility - ANS✔✔ biology and genetic factors - genetic
considerations:
availability of healthcare, physical environment, income and social status, education, social
support networks, culture, employment or working hazards - ANS✔✔ demographic
characteristics
-varies w geographic region
-people in urban areas tend to have more prenatal visits than patients in remote and rural
areas, who have fewer opportunities for specialized care because of the distance they have to
travel to get to it
-lower socioeconomic situations
-recent immigrants - ANS✔✔ availability of healthcare
>unsafe soil and water conditions and environmental exposure to pollutants, such as paint with
lead content
>many Indigenous communities have boil-water alerts to ensure that they are drinking safe
water
,>the consumption of mercury-contaminated fish, which may pose health risks to a developing
fetus - ANS✔✔ physical environment
>most important determinant of health because of its influence on living conditions, level of
education, quality of diet, and extent of physical activity
>lower income level is associated with an increased risk for medical complications of pregnancy
>patient with a lower income may not have as many support people to ask for assistance or to
arrange for transportation to appointments or for child care
>for young Indigenous patients, trying to meet the challenges of a pregnancy is a source of
"pride" - ANS✔✔ income and social status
>level of education can reflect their knowledge of the importance of prenatal care and
awareness of where to receive it
>having a higher education level can increase pregnant patients' confidence in asking questions
and making choices and has been associated with fewer adverse outcomes in pregnancy and
postpartum - ANS✔✔ education
>the increased mortality and morbidity rates for single patients, including a greater risk for pre-
eclampsia, are often related to inadequate prenatal care, lower socioeconomic status, lower
level of education, and younger childbearing age
>availability of social networks and close community ties have been shown to alleviate barriers
related to lower income and less education - ANS✔✔ social support networks
>Indigenous patients have described encounters with health care providers that include
judgement of their lifestyle choices, racism, and discrimination
>many factors influence whether they attend prenatal care visits, including lack of
transportation, complex life situations, and whether they have had experience with child
protection services
>patients have described their willingness to seek health care for their children but a reluctance
to seek their own health care because of past negative experiences - ANS✔✔ culture
, >occupational hazards can be grouped into chemical, physical, biological, and psychological
hazards
>the risk to the fetus depends on the timing of the exposure, the dose, and fetal and maternal
susceptibility
>patients who work at highly physically demanding jobs or are exposed to hazards such as
industrial fumes or do shift work have higher pregnancy risks - ANS✔✔ employment/working
hazards
problematic substance use, nutritional status, dental hygiene, psychosocial stressors - ANS✔✔
personal health practices and coping skills
>smoking is associated with intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, and low birth weight
>alcohol consumption has adverse effects on the fetus, resulting in fetal alcohol spectrum
disorders, which include fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder,
and alcohol-related birth defects
>recreational or prescribed medication misuse can be teratogenic, cause metabolic
disturbances, produce chemical effects, or cause depression or alteration of central nervous
system function - ANS✔✔ substance use
>dietary deficiencies are more common among households with children that have a lone
parent, are Indigenous, and are receiving social assistance
>conditions that influence nutritional status include the following: young age of the mother;
three pregnancies in the previous 2 years; tobacco, alcohol, or problematic substance use;
inadequate dietary intake because of chronic illness or food fads; and inadequate or excessive
weight gain - ANS✔✔ nutritional status
>periodontal disease increases the risk for preterm birth and low birth weight - ANS✔✔ dental
hygiene
>there is a relationship between emotional distress and birth complications
