NURS 303 Exam 2 – Questions & A+ Solutions
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Terms in this set (67)
What is cardiac output -volume of blood pumped from left ventricle/per
minute
-SV x HR = CO
What components affect cardiac -heart rate: the number of heart beats per minute. An
output and how? increase in HR directly increases CO by pumping
-Heart Rate blood more frequently
-Circulating volume -increased hr increased CO
-Contractility
-circulating volume: referes to the amount of blood
in the ventricles at the end of diastole, determined by
venous return, increased volume increases the
stretching of the heart muscles resulitng in more
forceful contraction and higher stroke volume
-increased volume increased CO
-contractility: the intrinisc force of heart muscle to
contract at any given end diastolic volume, increased
contractility allows the heart to pump more blood
with each beat, increasing stroke volume and CO
-increased contraction incresed CO
What is peripheral vascular resistance -sytemic vasuclar resistance
-the force or resistance the blood vesseles (primarily
arteries and arterioles) exert against blood flow
,What affects SVR and how -Vascodilation: widening of vessels
-Vasodilation -vasodilation decreases SVR and reduces blood
-Vasoconstriction pressure
-Vasoconstriction: narrowing of vessels
-vasoconstriction increases SVR and blood pressure
-vessel length
-blood viscosity -> high RBC increases viscosity
raising SVR
What is the equation for blood BP = CO x SVR
pressure
Understand how alterations in SVR -increases in either CO or SVR raise BP while
and CO affect BP decreases in either reduce it
Review basics of blood pressure -baroreceptors: sympathetic nervous system
regulation stimulation, low bp leads to reduced stretch
-baroreceptors decreases baroreceptor signaling which increases
-renin angiotensin aldosterone system sympathetic nervous system to raise heart rate,
-pituitaty gland contractility and peripheral resistance
-renin angiotensin aldosterone system: water
reabsorption, decreased bp, low sodium triggers the
kidneys to release renin which stimulates aldosterone
release which causes the kidneys to retain sodium
and water to increase blood volume
-pituitary gland: antidiuretic hormone, water
reabsorption, ADH increases water reabsorption in
the kidney's collecting ducts, concentrating urine and
expanding blood volume
What is systolic blood pressure systole is during contraction of the heart, this is the
TOP blood presure number, indicating the pressure
in the arteries during contraction
what is diastolic blood pressure diastole is during relaxation of the heart. This is the
bottom BP number indicating the pressure in the
arteries in betwen beats
, know your normal blood pressure and -healthy: systolic less than 120/diastolic less than 80
your different levels of hypertension -elevated: systolic 120-129/diastolic less than 80
-stage 1: systolic 130-139/diastolic 80-89
-stage 2: systolic 140 or higher/diastolic 90 or higher
-crisis: systolic over 180/diastolic over 120
Hypertension -silent killer
-remember: often is silent -primary: slow, unknown cause
-what happens to the heart when it -secondary: due to underlying disease
has to work against hypertension -heart working against hypertension: increased
-results of damaged arterial lining resistance means heart must pump with greater
-result of increased cardiac workload force, constant strain caused the heart muscle to
thicken and enlarge (left ventricular hypertrophy),
heart grows to meet demand but it becomes less
effiecient
-damages arterial lining: retina, kidneys, brain, lower
extremities
-increased cardiac workload: left ventricular
hypertrophy, larger muscle needs more support,
inadequate blood flow, ischemia, infarction, heart
failure
What is orthostatic hypotension -drop in BP when changing position
-what will your patient feel -decreased cerbral perfusion
-dizziness
-decrased BP sensed by baroreceptors
-activation of SNS increases HR to compensate
Hyperlipidemia -elevated levels of lipids in blood stream (cholesterol
-which lipids are helpful vs harmful and triglycerides)
(which do you want high and which -LDL low (LDL adds cholesterol to plaque)
low) -HDL high (HDL removes cholesterol from plaque)
-what are clinical manifestations of -increased LDL especially risky when combined with
hyperlipidemia increased triglycerides
-clinical manifestations:
-xanthoma: cholesterol deposits under skin
-zanthelasma: cholesterol deposits around eyes
-arcus senilis: yellow white ring around cornea
Save
Terms in this set (67)
What is cardiac output -volume of blood pumped from left ventricle/per
minute
-SV x HR = CO
What components affect cardiac -heart rate: the number of heart beats per minute. An
output and how? increase in HR directly increases CO by pumping
-Heart Rate blood more frequently
-Circulating volume -increased hr increased CO
-Contractility
-circulating volume: referes to the amount of blood
in the ventricles at the end of diastole, determined by
venous return, increased volume increases the
stretching of the heart muscles resulitng in more
forceful contraction and higher stroke volume
-increased volume increased CO
-contractility: the intrinisc force of heart muscle to
contract at any given end diastolic volume, increased
contractility allows the heart to pump more blood
with each beat, increasing stroke volume and CO
-increased contraction incresed CO
What is peripheral vascular resistance -sytemic vasuclar resistance
-the force or resistance the blood vesseles (primarily
arteries and arterioles) exert against blood flow
,What affects SVR and how -Vascodilation: widening of vessels
-Vasodilation -vasodilation decreases SVR and reduces blood
-Vasoconstriction pressure
-Vasoconstriction: narrowing of vessels
-vasoconstriction increases SVR and blood pressure
-vessel length
-blood viscosity -> high RBC increases viscosity
raising SVR
What is the equation for blood BP = CO x SVR
pressure
Understand how alterations in SVR -increases in either CO or SVR raise BP while
and CO affect BP decreases in either reduce it
Review basics of blood pressure -baroreceptors: sympathetic nervous system
regulation stimulation, low bp leads to reduced stretch
-baroreceptors decreases baroreceptor signaling which increases
-renin angiotensin aldosterone system sympathetic nervous system to raise heart rate,
-pituitaty gland contractility and peripheral resistance
-renin angiotensin aldosterone system: water
reabsorption, decreased bp, low sodium triggers the
kidneys to release renin which stimulates aldosterone
release which causes the kidneys to retain sodium
and water to increase blood volume
-pituitary gland: antidiuretic hormone, water
reabsorption, ADH increases water reabsorption in
the kidney's collecting ducts, concentrating urine and
expanding blood volume
What is systolic blood pressure systole is during contraction of the heart, this is the
TOP blood presure number, indicating the pressure
in the arteries during contraction
what is diastolic blood pressure diastole is during relaxation of the heart. This is the
bottom BP number indicating the pressure in the
arteries in betwen beats
, know your normal blood pressure and -healthy: systolic less than 120/diastolic less than 80
your different levels of hypertension -elevated: systolic 120-129/diastolic less than 80
-stage 1: systolic 130-139/diastolic 80-89
-stage 2: systolic 140 or higher/diastolic 90 or higher
-crisis: systolic over 180/diastolic over 120
Hypertension -silent killer
-remember: often is silent -primary: slow, unknown cause
-what happens to the heart when it -secondary: due to underlying disease
has to work against hypertension -heart working against hypertension: increased
-results of damaged arterial lining resistance means heart must pump with greater
-result of increased cardiac workload force, constant strain caused the heart muscle to
thicken and enlarge (left ventricular hypertrophy),
heart grows to meet demand but it becomes less
effiecient
-damages arterial lining: retina, kidneys, brain, lower
extremities
-increased cardiac workload: left ventricular
hypertrophy, larger muscle needs more support,
inadequate blood flow, ischemia, infarction, heart
failure
What is orthostatic hypotension -drop in BP when changing position
-what will your patient feel -decreased cerbral perfusion
-dizziness
-decrased BP sensed by baroreceptors
-activation of SNS increases HR to compensate
Hyperlipidemia -elevated levels of lipids in blood stream (cholesterol
-which lipids are helpful vs harmful and triglycerides)
(which do you want high and which -LDL low (LDL adds cholesterol to plaque)
low) -HDL high (HDL removes cholesterol from plaque)
-what are clinical manifestations of -increased LDL especially risky when combined with
hyperlipidemia increased triglycerides
-clinical manifestations:
-xanthoma: cholesterol deposits under skin
-zanthelasma: cholesterol deposits around eyes
-arcus senilis: yellow white ring around cornea
