CDC COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
▶ Osmotic Pressure . Answer: Pull, typically on the veinous level, wherever
the waste needs to be eliminated from the body
▶ Isotonic Solutions . Answer: Completely balanced solutions, blood, NS
▶ Hypotonic Solutions . Answer: Less solute so its less concentrated, only
a few pepper flakes, 0.45% NaCl (1/2 NS)
Give this to dehydrated pt
▶ Hypertonic Solutions . Answer: More solute, so its more concentrated,
lots of pepper flakes, 3.0-5.0% NaCl
Give this to cerebral edema pt
▶ Na+ Normal Range . Answer: 135-145 mEq/L
▶ K+ Normal Range . Answer: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
▶ Cl- Normal Range . Answer: 98-106 mEq/L
▶ Ca2+ Normal Range . Answer: 8.5-10.5 mEq/L
▶ Mg2+ Normal Range . Answer: 1.4-2.1 mEq/L
▶ Hyponatremia . Answer: Low sodium due to rapid dehydration
▶ Hypernatremia . Answer: High sodium, slower dehydration, ex: old
person who can't get up to drink water frequently enough
▶ Hypokalemia . Answer: Low potassium, cardiac arrhythmia, leg
cramping, decreased bowel sounds
▶ Hyperkalemia . Answer: High potassium, cardiac arrest, muscle
weakness, hyperactive bowel sounds
,▶ Hypocalcemia . Answer: weak bones and teeth, severe muscle
cramping, Trousseau and Chvostek signs, caused by not ingesting enough
calcium or vitamin D
▶ Hypercalcemia . Answer: lethargy, bone pain, may be indicative of bone
cancer, immobility, bone deteriorates
▶ hypomagnecemia . Answer: tremors, tachycardia, confusion
▶ hypermagnecemia . Answer: vasodialation, nausea, emesis,
hypotensive, cardiac arrest
▶ Blood pH . Answer: 7.35-7.45
▶ Co2 normal range . Answer: 45-35
▶ HCO3- (bicarbonate) normal range . Answer: 22-26
▶ Blood pH less than 7.35 . Answer: metabolic or respiratory acidosis
▶ Blood pH more than 7.45 . Answer: metabolic or respiratory alkalosis
▶ respiratory acidosis . Answer: Co2 greater than 45, caused by
pneumonia, COPD, narcotic OD, chest injuries
▶ respiratory alkalosis . Answer: Co2 lower than 35, caused by panic
attacks, hyperventilation
▶ metabolic acidosis . Answer: HCO3- less than 22, DKA
▶ metabolic alkalosis . Answer: HCO3- greater than 26, GI secretions over
suctioned, NG tubes, OD on antacids, prolonged emesis
▶ Nonspecific or Innate Immunity . Answer: 1st and 2nd lines of defense
▶ Specific or Adaptive Immunity . Answer: 3rd line of defense
▶ 1st line of defense . Answer: Barriers: Skin, Mucous Membranes, Gastric
juices, Normal Flora, and Cilia
, ▶ 2nd line of defense . Answer: Inflammation and Phagocytosis
▶ 3rd line of defense . Answer: B-Cells and T-Cells
▶ Cycle of Infection . Answer: Pathogens, Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Mode
of Transmission, Portal of Entry, Host B
▶ B-Cells . Answer: Responsible for production of antibodies, can clone
themselves to tag antigens, can become memory B-cells to remember
antigen(pathogen)
▶ T-Cells . Answer: born in bone marrow, but mature in thymus gland, cell-
mediated response
▶ T-Killer Cells . Answer: Phagocytosis of human cells that are infected
▶ Helper T-Cells . Answer: Like nicolas cage "Fire! Fire! Fire!", directs
adaptive immunity response in what to do
▶ IgG . Answer: Most common, in blood, Good God there's a lot of them!
▶ IgM . Answer: first at the scene, IMMediate response
▶ IgA . Answer: spread from mother to child in colostrum in breast milk,
saliva, tears
▶ IgE . Answer: AllerGIES, allergic response, release of histamine
▶ IgD . Answer: attached to B-Cells, no one knows what they do
▶ Active Immunity . Answer: activates the immune system
▶ Active natural immunity . Answer: natural exposure to antigen
▶ Active artificial immunity . Answer: immunizations
▶ Passive natural immunity . Answer: mother to fetus
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
▶ Osmotic Pressure . Answer: Pull, typically on the veinous level, wherever
the waste needs to be eliminated from the body
▶ Isotonic Solutions . Answer: Completely balanced solutions, blood, NS
▶ Hypotonic Solutions . Answer: Less solute so its less concentrated, only
a few pepper flakes, 0.45% NaCl (1/2 NS)
Give this to dehydrated pt
▶ Hypertonic Solutions . Answer: More solute, so its more concentrated,
lots of pepper flakes, 3.0-5.0% NaCl
Give this to cerebral edema pt
▶ Na+ Normal Range . Answer: 135-145 mEq/L
▶ K+ Normal Range . Answer: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
▶ Cl- Normal Range . Answer: 98-106 mEq/L
▶ Ca2+ Normal Range . Answer: 8.5-10.5 mEq/L
▶ Mg2+ Normal Range . Answer: 1.4-2.1 mEq/L
▶ Hyponatremia . Answer: Low sodium due to rapid dehydration
▶ Hypernatremia . Answer: High sodium, slower dehydration, ex: old
person who can't get up to drink water frequently enough
▶ Hypokalemia . Answer: Low potassium, cardiac arrhythmia, leg
cramping, decreased bowel sounds
▶ Hyperkalemia . Answer: High potassium, cardiac arrest, muscle
weakness, hyperactive bowel sounds
,▶ Hypocalcemia . Answer: weak bones and teeth, severe muscle
cramping, Trousseau and Chvostek signs, caused by not ingesting enough
calcium or vitamin D
▶ Hypercalcemia . Answer: lethargy, bone pain, may be indicative of bone
cancer, immobility, bone deteriorates
▶ hypomagnecemia . Answer: tremors, tachycardia, confusion
▶ hypermagnecemia . Answer: vasodialation, nausea, emesis,
hypotensive, cardiac arrest
▶ Blood pH . Answer: 7.35-7.45
▶ Co2 normal range . Answer: 45-35
▶ HCO3- (bicarbonate) normal range . Answer: 22-26
▶ Blood pH less than 7.35 . Answer: metabolic or respiratory acidosis
▶ Blood pH more than 7.45 . Answer: metabolic or respiratory alkalosis
▶ respiratory acidosis . Answer: Co2 greater than 45, caused by
pneumonia, COPD, narcotic OD, chest injuries
▶ respiratory alkalosis . Answer: Co2 lower than 35, caused by panic
attacks, hyperventilation
▶ metabolic acidosis . Answer: HCO3- less than 22, DKA
▶ metabolic alkalosis . Answer: HCO3- greater than 26, GI secretions over
suctioned, NG tubes, OD on antacids, prolonged emesis
▶ Nonspecific or Innate Immunity . Answer: 1st and 2nd lines of defense
▶ Specific or Adaptive Immunity . Answer: 3rd line of defense
▶ 1st line of defense . Answer: Barriers: Skin, Mucous Membranes, Gastric
juices, Normal Flora, and Cilia
, ▶ 2nd line of defense . Answer: Inflammation and Phagocytosis
▶ 3rd line of defense . Answer: B-Cells and T-Cells
▶ Cycle of Infection . Answer: Pathogens, Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Mode
of Transmission, Portal of Entry, Host B
▶ B-Cells . Answer: Responsible for production of antibodies, can clone
themselves to tag antigens, can become memory B-cells to remember
antigen(pathogen)
▶ T-Cells . Answer: born in bone marrow, but mature in thymus gland, cell-
mediated response
▶ T-Killer Cells . Answer: Phagocytosis of human cells that are infected
▶ Helper T-Cells . Answer: Like nicolas cage "Fire! Fire! Fire!", directs
adaptive immunity response in what to do
▶ IgG . Answer: Most common, in blood, Good God there's a lot of them!
▶ IgM . Answer: first at the scene, IMMediate response
▶ IgA . Answer: spread from mother to child in colostrum in breast milk,
saliva, tears
▶ IgE . Answer: AllerGIES, allergic response, release of histamine
▶ IgD . Answer: attached to B-Cells, no one knows what they do
▶ Active Immunity . Answer: activates the immune system
▶ Active natural immunity . Answer: natural exposure to antigen
▶ Active artificial immunity . Answer: immunizations
▶ Passive natural immunity . Answer: mother to fetus
