HTHS 1104 MIDTERM EXAM WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Purines - ANSWER - adenine
- guanine
Pyrimidines - ANSWER - thymine
- cytosine
- uracil
nucleoside - ANSWER nitrogenous base + sugar
nucleotide - ANSWER nitrogenous base + sugar + phosphate group
DNA base pairs - ANSWER adenine-thymine
cytosine-guanine
RNA base pairs - ANSWER adenine-uracil
cytosine-guanine
Aquaporin - ANSWER water pore protein
Ion Channels - ANSWER - charged ions pass through cell membrane with these
plasma membrane proteins
- ligand gated:
- mechanically gated
- leak channels
- voltage gated
receptor proteins - ANSWER - receives a ligand which will make a change within
the cell
- G protein-coupled receptor: acts like a switch, turning on/off certain cellular
processes
Carrier proteins - ANSWER - active transport or facilitated diffusion
- carries charged molecules such as glucose across plasma membrane
Linker proteins - ANSWER - on intracellular side of plasma membrane, linkers
join integral proteins to the cytoskeleton
- on intracellular side, linkers join integral proteins to the connective tissue
matrix or to other cells
- fibronectin, integrin
, Integrin - ANSWER - a linker protein that facilitates cell-extracellular matrix
adhesion
Fibronectin - ANSWER - a linker protein, binds to integrin, joins collagen fibers of
the extracellular matrix (connective tissue) to integrin, and then integrin is
bound to the cytoskeleton
- links fiber networks from outside to inside the cell
Cell Marker Proteins - ANSWER - glycoproteins: used to identify cells
- glycolipids:
Passive Transport - ANSWER - do not require energy
- from high to low concentration
- simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration
Active Transport - ANSWER - requires energy
- used to move an ion against its concentration gradient
Osmotic pressure - ANSWER - the pressure needed to prevent water from
passing through the semipermeable membrane
Meissner corpuscle - ANSWER - "touch corpuscle"
- sense light touch/sensitive touch
-in papillary region of the dermis
Merkel/tactile discs - ANSWER - sense light touch
-
Free nerve endings - ANSWER - sense pain, temperature, itch, hair movement
Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles - ANSWER - sense deep pressure, vibration
- deeper than Merkel, free nerve endings, and Meissner and ruffini
Ruffini (bulbous) corpuscles - ANSWER - sense sustained deep pressure, joint
position, skin stretch
- deeper than Merkel, free nerve endings, and Meissner
Positive feedback loops - ANSWER - reinforce or strengthen the
stimulus/change; action continues until it is interrupted; reinforces conditions
that do nit happen very often
- suckling, childbirth, blood clotting, massive blood loss
negative feedback loops - ANSWER - reverse the stimulus/change in a controlled
condition; action stops automatically when a set-point is reached; regulate
conditions that remain fairly stable over long periods
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Purines - ANSWER - adenine
- guanine
Pyrimidines - ANSWER - thymine
- cytosine
- uracil
nucleoside - ANSWER nitrogenous base + sugar
nucleotide - ANSWER nitrogenous base + sugar + phosphate group
DNA base pairs - ANSWER adenine-thymine
cytosine-guanine
RNA base pairs - ANSWER adenine-uracil
cytosine-guanine
Aquaporin - ANSWER water pore protein
Ion Channels - ANSWER - charged ions pass through cell membrane with these
plasma membrane proteins
- ligand gated:
- mechanically gated
- leak channels
- voltage gated
receptor proteins - ANSWER - receives a ligand which will make a change within
the cell
- G protein-coupled receptor: acts like a switch, turning on/off certain cellular
processes
Carrier proteins - ANSWER - active transport or facilitated diffusion
- carries charged molecules such as glucose across plasma membrane
Linker proteins - ANSWER - on intracellular side of plasma membrane, linkers
join integral proteins to the cytoskeleton
- on intracellular side, linkers join integral proteins to the connective tissue
matrix or to other cells
- fibronectin, integrin
, Integrin - ANSWER - a linker protein that facilitates cell-extracellular matrix
adhesion
Fibronectin - ANSWER - a linker protein, binds to integrin, joins collagen fibers of
the extracellular matrix (connective tissue) to integrin, and then integrin is
bound to the cytoskeleton
- links fiber networks from outside to inside the cell
Cell Marker Proteins - ANSWER - glycoproteins: used to identify cells
- glycolipids:
Passive Transport - ANSWER - do not require energy
- from high to low concentration
- simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration
Active Transport - ANSWER - requires energy
- used to move an ion against its concentration gradient
Osmotic pressure - ANSWER - the pressure needed to prevent water from
passing through the semipermeable membrane
Meissner corpuscle - ANSWER - "touch corpuscle"
- sense light touch/sensitive touch
-in papillary region of the dermis
Merkel/tactile discs - ANSWER - sense light touch
-
Free nerve endings - ANSWER - sense pain, temperature, itch, hair movement
Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles - ANSWER - sense deep pressure, vibration
- deeper than Merkel, free nerve endings, and Meissner and ruffini
Ruffini (bulbous) corpuscles - ANSWER - sense sustained deep pressure, joint
position, skin stretch
- deeper than Merkel, free nerve endings, and Meissner
Positive feedback loops - ANSWER - reinforce or strengthen the
stimulus/change; action continues until it is interrupted; reinforces conditions
that do nit happen very often
- suckling, childbirth, blood clotting, massive blood loss
negative feedback loops - ANSWER - reverse the stimulus/change in a controlled
condition; action stops automatically when a set-point is reached; regulate
conditions that remain fairly stable over long periods
