ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMPREP
STUDY GUIDE 2026 TESTED QUESTIONS WITH
ACCURATE ANSWERS
◉ Hematocrit defined. Answer: - % of RBCs
[higher value = higher viscosity = thicker blood)
- Example: Polycythemia may have Hct of 60-70%
◉ Types of Blood Cells
- Erythrocytes [RBCs). Answer: - Transport O2
- Small disc shape
- Lifespan = 120 days
- Carry Hgb [ferrous oxide, also an acid/base buffer)
- Made in the bone marrow - Iliac crest for sample in leukemia
[after age 20 in the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, iliac)
- Hgb Levels: 14-16g/dL in males / 12-14g/dl females
◉ Cytic vs Chromic. Answer: Cytic = Size of RBCs
Chromic = Amount of Hgb
,◉ MCV and MCHC. Answer: MCV: Mean corpuscular volume -
[average size rbc]
MCHC: normal Mean corpuscular Hgb concentration - [average
amount of hemoglobin in the RBCs compared to the average size of
the RBCs. The amount of hemoglobin that was there
◉ Morphology Size or Erythrocyte Volume Cytic Values. Answer: -
Normocytic: Normal RBC size
[MCV = 83-99)
- Microcytic: Small RBC size
[MCV = 50-82)
- Macrocytic: Large RBC size
[MCV is > 100)
◉ Chromic Values
[Hgb content). Answer: - Normochromic: Normal amount of Hgb
[MCHC -Average amount of hemoglobin in the RBCs compared to the
average size of the RBCs.
[MCHC = 32-36)
- Hypochromic: Low amount of Hgb
[MCHC is < 32)
- Hyperchromic: Increased amount of Hgb
[MCHC is > 36)
,◉ Leukocytes
[WBCs). Answer: - Defend the body against foreign proteins
- Made in the bone marrow
- 9,000/mm^3
- CBC w/ Diff shows: Leukocytes broken down into:
Neutrophils, Basophils, PMNs [polymorphonulcear), Bands
◉ Bands - {Infective process. Answer: -Immature Leukocytes
- Indicate an infective process
- Increase in bands = 12 to 20 or more = shift to the left indicating a
bacterial infection
- If bands are not increased it is a shift to the right and a viral
infection
◉ Alterations of Leukocytes
Quantitative:
1. Bone marrow dysfunction
2. Premature destruction of cells
a. May originate in lymphoid organs secondary to infectious
process. Answer: Leukocytosis equals increase WBC's
, Leukopenia Equals decreased wbc's
◉ Types of Leukocytes:
- Granular. Answer: - Categorized according to the presence or
absence of granules in the cell cytoplasm
- *Granular Leukocytes*:
- PMNs - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes[2 or more lobes to the
granular site)
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils - Allergic reaction or parasites
- Basophils
◉ Types of Leukocytes:
- Non-granular. Answer: *Non-granular* Leukocytes :
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- platelets or thrombocytes
◉ WBC Morphology/Fx
[Shape and function]. Answer: - Total WBC count increases with
infection
- As % of 1 increases, the %s of the others will decrease
STUDY GUIDE 2026 TESTED QUESTIONS WITH
ACCURATE ANSWERS
◉ Hematocrit defined. Answer: - % of RBCs
[higher value = higher viscosity = thicker blood)
- Example: Polycythemia may have Hct of 60-70%
◉ Types of Blood Cells
- Erythrocytes [RBCs). Answer: - Transport O2
- Small disc shape
- Lifespan = 120 days
- Carry Hgb [ferrous oxide, also an acid/base buffer)
- Made in the bone marrow - Iliac crest for sample in leukemia
[after age 20 in the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, iliac)
- Hgb Levels: 14-16g/dL in males / 12-14g/dl females
◉ Cytic vs Chromic. Answer: Cytic = Size of RBCs
Chromic = Amount of Hgb
,◉ MCV and MCHC. Answer: MCV: Mean corpuscular volume -
[average size rbc]
MCHC: normal Mean corpuscular Hgb concentration - [average
amount of hemoglobin in the RBCs compared to the average size of
the RBCs. The amount of hemoglobin that was there
◉ Morphology Size or Erythrocyte Volume Cytic Values. Answer: -
Normocytic: Normal RBC size
[MCV = 83-99)
- Microcytic: Small RBC size
[MCV = 50-82)
- Macrocytic: Large RBC size
[MCV is > 100)
◉ Chromic Values
[Hgb content). Answer: - Normochromic: Normal amount of Hgb
[MCHC -Average amount of hemoglobin in the RBCs compared to the
average size of the RBCs.
[MCHC = 32-36)
- Hypochromic: Low amount of Hgb
[MCHC is < 32)
- Hyperchromic: Increased amount of Hgb
[MCHC is > 36)
,◉ Leukocytes
[WBCs). Answer: - Defend the body against foreign proteins
- Made in the bone marrow
- 9,000/mm^3
- CBC w/ Diff shows: Leukocytes broken down into:
Neutrophils, Basophils, PMNs [polymorphonulcear), Bands
◉ Bands - {Infective process. Answer: -Immature Leukocytes
- Indicate an infective process
- Increase in bands = 12 to 20 or more = shift to the left indicating a
bacterial infection
- If bands are not increased it is a shift to the right and a viral
infection
◉ Alterations of Leukocytes
Quantitative:
1. Bone marrow dysfunction
2. Premature destruction of cells
a. May originate in lymphoid organs secondary to infectious
process. Answer: Leukocytosis equals increase WBC's
, Leukopenia Equals decreased wbc's
◉ Types of Leukocytes:
- Granular. Answer: - Categorized according to the presence or
absence of granules in the cell cytoplasm
- *Granular Leukocytes*:
- PMNs - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes[2 or more lobes to the
granular site)
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils - Allergic reaction or parasites
- Basophils
◉ Types of Leukocytes:
- Non-granular. Answer: *Non-granular* Leukocytes :
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- platelets or thrombocytes
◉ WBC Morphology/Fx
[Shape and function]. Answer: - Total WBC count increases with
infection
- As % of 1 increases, the %s of the others will decrease
