ADVANCED MED SURG REVIEW NUR 265
EXAM 1 2026 HIGH PROBABILITY EXAM
QUESTIONS
◉ What are key features of nephrotic syndrome? Answer: -
*Massive proteinuria*
-*Hypoalbuminemia*
-*Edema (facial and periorbital)*
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
◉ In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater
than what? Answer: 3.5g in 24 hours
◉ What is nephrotic syndrome treated with? Answer: -
immunosuppressant agents (if immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
,-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney
function)
◉ Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples. Answer: Decreased
perfusion to kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output
-Blood/ fluid loss
◉ Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples. Answer: Tissue damage to
the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
◉ Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples. Answer: Obstruction that
occurs after the kidney.
,-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
◉ How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
Answer: Systolic + (Diastolic*2) /3
◉ What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys? Answer: 65
mmHg
◉ What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs? Answer: -NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
◉ During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored?
Answer: Watch for dehydration and make sure output is greater
than input
◉ What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI patient? Answer: -
Low protein
-Low sodium
, -Fluid restriction: 1000-1500mL day (for anything except perfusion
problem)
◉ What are the 2 most common causes of CKD? Answer: -HTN
-Uncontrolled diabetes
◉ What is azotemia? Answer: Nitrogenous waste build up
◉ What are manifestations of uremia? Answer: •Metallic taste in
mouth
•Anorexia
•Nausea/vomiting
•Muscle cramps
•Uremic frost on skin
•Itching
•Fatigue and lethargy
•Hiccups
•Edema
•Dyspnea
•Paresthesia's
◉ What effects can CKD have on the cardiac system Answer: -HTN
EXAM 1 2026 HIGH PROBABILITY EXAM
QUESTIONS
◉ What are key features of nephrotic syndrome? Answer: -
*Massive proteinuria*
-*Hypoalbuminemia*
-*Edema (facial and periorbital)*
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
◉ In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater
than what? Answer: 3.5g in 24 hours
◉ What is nephrotic syndrome treated with? Answer: -
immunosuppressant agents (if immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
,-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney
function)
◉ Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples. Answer: Decreased
perfusion to kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output
-Blood/ fluid loss
◉ Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples. Answer: Tissue damage to
the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
◉ Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples. Answer: Obstruction that
occurs after the kidney.
,-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
◉ How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
Answer: Systolic + (Diastolic*2) /3
◉ What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys? Answer: 65
mmHg
◉ What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs? Answer: -NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
◉ During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored?
Answer: Watch for dehydration and make sure output is greater
than input
◉ What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI patient? Answer: -
Low protein
-Low sodium
, -Fluid restriction: 1000-1500mL day (for anything except perfusion
problem)
◉ What are the 2 most common causes of CKD? Answer: -HTN
-Uncontrolled diabetes
◉ What is azotemia? Answer: Nitrogenous waste build up
◉ What are manifestations of uremia? Answer: •Metallic taste in
mouth
•Anorexia
•Nausea/vomiting
•Muscle cramps
•Uremic frost on skin
•Itching
•Fatigue and lethargy
•Hiccups
•Edema
•Dyspnea
•Paresthesia's
◉ What effects can CKD have on the cardiac system Answer: -HTN
