A LEVEL BIOLOGY 7402 PAPER 3 2026
CERTIFICATION TEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS UPDATED
◉ Ribosome Function. Answer: The site where proteins are made.
◉ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Structure. Answer: A system
of membranes containing fluid. Covered in ribosomes.
◉ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Function. Answer: Folds and
processes proteins made by ribosomes on its surface.
◉ Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) structure. Answer: A
system of membranes containing fluid, no ribosomes.
◉ Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) Function. Answer:
Synthesises lipids.
◉ Cell wall structure. Answer: Rigid structure surrounding plants,
algae and fungi and prokaryotes. Cellulose in plants and algae and
chitin in fungi.
,◉ Cell wall function. Answer: Supports cell and prevents it from
bursting.
◉ Cell Vacuole Structure. Answer: Membrane-bound organelle found
in cytoplasm, contains cell sap (weak solution of sugar and water)
membrane is called tonoplast.
◉ Cell Vacuole Function. Answer: Maintains pressure in cell and
keeps the cell rigid to prevent wilting. Involved in the isolation of
unwanted chemicals.
◉ What are microvilli? Answer: Small projections on epithelial cells
that increase surface area.
◉ Prokaryotic cell structure. Answer:
◉ DNA in Prokaryotes. Answer: Circular DNA present as a long,
coiled up strand, not attached to histones.
◉ Plasmids. Answer: Small loops of DNA which can be transferred
between prokaryotes.
◉ Slime Capsule. Answer: Some prokaryotes secrete slime to form a
capsule to help protect the cell.
,◉ Cell wall in prokaryotes. Answer: Made of murein/ peptidoglycan,
which is a glycoprotein.
◉ Ribosomes in prokaryotes. Answer: Free floating in cytoplasm and
smaller than Eukaryotes (70s, as opposed to 80s).
◉ Flagellum. Answer: A long, hair-like structure which rotates to
make prokaryotes move.
◉ What is the process by which prokaryotes reproduce? Answer:
Binary Fission.
◉ The process of binary fission. Answer: 1) Circular DNA and
plasmids replicate. DNA once but plasmids many times.
2) Cell gets bigger and DNA moves to poles.
3) The cytoplasm divides and new cell walls begin to form.
4) Cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced, each
with one loop of DNA and varying plasmids.
◉ Virus structure. Answer: Acelluar, a protein capsid enclosing DNA
or RNA. Attachment proteins sticking out.
, ◉ Viral replication. Answer: 1) Attach to receptor proteins using
attachment proteins.
2) Genetic material released into host cell.
3) Genetic material and proteins replicated by cell organelles.
4) Viral components assemble.
5) Replicated viruses release which bursts membranes
◉ Magnification equation. Answer: I = A X M
Image = Actual X Magnification.
◉ What is resolution? Answer: How well a microscope distinguishes
between two points that are close together.
◉ Optical microscopes. Answer: Use light to form images, maximum
resolution of 2 micrometers. Max about 1500x magnification.
◉ Why do electron microscopes give a higher resolution? Answer:
The wavelength is smaller than the wavelength of light.
◉ Electron microscope resolution and magnification. Answer:
0.0002 Micrometers and 1,500,000 magnification.
CERTIFICATION TEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS UPDATED
◉ Ribosome Function. Answer: The site where proteins are made.
◉ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Structure. Answer: A system
of membranes containing fluid. Covered in ribosomes.
◉ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Function. Answer: Folds and
processes proteins made by ribosomes on its surface.
◉ Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) structure. Answer: A
system of membranes containing fluid, no ribosomes.
◉ Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) Function. Answer:
Synthesises lipids.
◉ Cell wall structure. Answer: Rigid structure surrounding plants,
algae and fungi and prokaryotes. Cellulose in plants and algae and
chitin in fungi.
,◉ Cell wall function. Answer: Supports cell and prevents it from
bursting.
◉ Cell Vacuole Structure. Answer: Membrane-bound organelle found
in cytoplasm, contains cell sap (weak solution of sugar and water)
membrane is called tonoplast.
◉ Cell Vacuole Function. Answer: Maintains pressure in cell and
keeps the cell rigid to prevent wilting. Involved in the isolation of
unwanted chemicals.
◉ What are microvilli? Answer: Small projections on epithelial cells
that increase surface area.
◉ Prokaryotic cell structure. Answer:
◉ DNA in Prokaryotes. Answer: Circular DNA present as a long,
coiled up strand, not attached to histones.
◉ Plasmids. Answer: Small loops of DNA which can be transferred
between prokaryotes.
◉ Slime Capsule. Answer: Some prokaryotes secrete slime to form a
capsule to help protect the cell.
,◉ Cell wall in prokaryotes. Answer: Made of murein/ peptidoglycan,
which is a glycoprotein.
◉ Ribosomes in prokaryotes. Answer: Free floating in cytoplasm and
smaller than Eukaryotes (70s, as opposed to 80s).
◉ Flagellum. Answer: A long, hair-like structure which rotates to
make prokaryotes move.
◉ What is the process by which prokaryotes reproduce? Answer:
Binary Fission.
◉ The process of binary fission. Answer: 1) Circular DNA and
plasmids replicate. DNA once but plasmids many times.
2) Cell gets bigger and DNA moves to poles.
3) The cytoplasm divides and new cell walls begin to form.
4) Cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced, each
with one loop of DNA and varying plasmids.
◉ Virus structure. Answer: Acelluar, a protein capsid enclosing DNA
or RNA. Attachment proteins sticking out.
, ◉ Viral replication. Answer: 1) Attach to receptor proteins using
attachment proteins.
2) Genetic material released into host cell.
3) Genetic material and proteins replicated by cell organelles.
4) Viral components assemble.
5) Replicated viruses release which bursts membranes
◉ Magnification equation. Answer: I = A X M
Image = Actual X Magnification.
◉ What is resolution? Answer: How well a microscope distinguishes
between two points that are close together.
◉ Optical microscopes. Answer: Use light to form images, maximum
resolution of 2 micrometers. Max about 1500x magnification.
◉ Why do electron microscopes give a higher resolution? Answer:
The wavelength is smaller than the wavelength of light.
◉ Electron microscope resolution and magnification. Answer:
0.0002 Micrometers and 1,500,000 magnification.
