PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DISEASE FINAL
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
⩥ What causes inflammation? Answer: Inflammation can be caused by
infections, injuries, or autoimmune reactions.
⩥ Who is at risk for inflammation? Answer: Individuals with weakened
immune systems, chronic diseases, or exposure to harmful substances
are at higher risk for inflammation.
⩥ What body components are involved in inflammation? Answer: Key
components include white blood cells, blood vessels, and various
signaling molecules such as cytokines.
⩥ What is acute inflammation? Answer: Acute inflammation is a rapid
and short-term response to injury or infection, characterized by redness,
heat, swelling, and pain.
⩥ What are local manifestations of acute inflammation? Answer: Local
manifestations include redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function
at the affected site.
,⩥ What are systemic manifestations of acute inflammation? Answer:
Systemic manifestations can include fever, fatigue, and increased white
blood cell count.
⩥ Why do fevers occur during inflammation? Answer: Fever occurs as a
systemic response to infection, helping to enhance the immune response
and inhibit pathogen growth.
⩥ What is chronic inflammation? Answer: Chronic inflammation
develops slowly and lasts for a long duration, often resulting from
unresolved acute inflammation or persistent irritants.
⩥ What are the characteristics of chronic inflammation? Answer:
Chronic inflammation is characterized by the presence of lymphocytes,
macrophages, tissue destruction, and fibrous scar tissue formation.
⩥ What are complications of chronic inflammation? Answer:
Complications can include ulcerations, perforations, extensive scar
tissue, and exacerbations of acute inflammation.
⩥ What are the types of healing? Answer: The types of healing include
resolution, regeneration, and replacement.
, ⩥ What is the healing process? Answer: The healing process involves an
injury or insult to tissue, followed by an inflammatory phase,
proliferative phase, and remodeling phase.
⩥ What promotes healing? Answer: Factors that promote healing include
youth, good nutrition, adequate hemoglobin, effective circulation, and a
clean, undisturbed wound.
⩥ What delays healing? Answer: Factors that delay healing include
advanced age, poor nutrition, anemia, circulatory problems, and
presence of infections or foreign materials.
⩥ What is immunity? Answer: Immunity is the body's ability to fend off
attacks from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and allergens.
⩥ What are the types of immunity? Answer: The types of immunity
include natural immunity, innate immunity, and acquired/adaptive
immunity.
⩥ What are the lines of defense in the immune system? Answer: The
lines of defense include physical barriers (like skin), innate immune
responses, and adaptive immune responses.
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
⩥ What causes inflammation? Answer: Inflammation can be caused by
infections, injuries, or autoimmune reactions.
⩥ Who is at risk for inflammation? Answer: Individuals with weakened
immune systems, chronic diseases, or exposure to harmful substances
are at higher risk for inflammation.
⩥ What body components are involved in inflammation? Answer: Key
components include white blood cells, blood vessels, and various
signaling molecules such as cytokines.
⩥ What is acute inflammation? Answer: Acute inflammation is a rapid
and short-term response to injury or infection, characterized by redness,
heat, swelling, and pain.
⩥ What are local manifestations of acute inflammation? Answer: Local
manifestations include redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function
at the affected site.
,⩥ What are systemic manifestations of acute inflammation? Answer:
Systemic manifestations can include fever, fatigue, and increased white
blood cell count.
⩥ Why do fevers occur during inflammation? Answer: Fever occurs as a
systemic response to infection, helping to enhance the immune response
and inhibit pathogen growth.
⩥ What is chronic inflammation? Answer: Chronic inflammation
develops slowly and lasts for a long duration, often resulting from
unresolved acute inflammation or persistent irritants.
⩥ What are the characteristics of chronic inflammation? Answer:
Chronic inflammation is characterized by the presence of lymphocytes,
macrophages, tissue destruction, and fibrous scar tissue formation.
⩥ What are complications of chronic inflammation? Answer:
Complications can include ulcerations, perforations, extensive scar
tissue, and exacerbations of acute inflammation.
⩥ What are the types of healing? Answer: The types of healing include
resolution, regeneration, and replacement.
, ⩥ What is the healing process? Answer: The healing process involves an
injury or insult to tissue, followed by an inflammatory phase,
proliferative phase, and remodeling phase.
⩥ What promotes healing? Answer: Factors that promote healing include
youth, good nutrition, adequate hemoglobin, effective circulation, and a
clean, undisturbed wound.
⩥ What delays healing? Answer: Factors that delay healing include
advanced age, poor nutrition, anemia, circulatory problems, and
presence of infections or foreign materials.
⩥ What is immunity? Answer: Immunity is the body's ability to fend off
attacks from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and allergens.
⩥ What are the types of immunity? Answer: The types of immunity
include natural immunity, innate immunity, and acquired/adaptive
immunity.
⩥ What are the lines of defense in the immune system? Answer: The
lines of defense include physical barriers (like skin), innate immune
responses, and adaptive immune responses.
