Psychopharmacology PSY 627 - Exam 1
Study Guide Questions With Complete
Solutions
What |is |the |basal |ganglia? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-A |group |of |interconnected |structures |
involved |in |motor |control.
What |are |the |structures |that |make |up |the |basal |ganglia? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Caudate, |
putamen, |globus |pallidus, |subthalamic |nucleus, |substantia |nigra.
What |is |the |striatum? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |major |input |structure |of |the |basal |ganglia, |
consisting |of |the |caudate |and |putamen.
What |are |the |segments |of |the |globus |pallidus? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Internal |segment |
(GPi) |and |external |segment |(GPe).
What |is |the |subthalamic |nucleus? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-A |structure |within |the |basal |
ganglia.
What |is |the |role |of |the |thalamic |nuclei |in |extrapyramidal |motor |pathways? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-They |are |closely |associated |with |the |basal |ganglia |and |participate |in |
extrapyramidal |motor |pathways.
What |are |the |direct |and |indirect |pathways? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Two |interconnected |
circuits |within |the |basal |ganglia |that |modulate |motor |function.
,What |happens |in |the |direct |pathway? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Excitatory |input |from |the |
cortex |activates |the |striatum, |which |inhibits |the |GPi, |resulting |in |increased |cortical |motor |
activity.
What |is |the |role |of |the |indirect |pathway? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-It |inhibits |the |thalamus, |
reducing |cortical |motor |activity.
What |is |the |net |effect |of |the |direct |pathway? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Facilitation |of |voluntary
|movements.
What |is |the |net |effect |of |the |indirect |pathway? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Inhibition |of |
voluntary |movements.
What |is |the |function |of |the |GPi? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Inhibition |of |the |thalamus.
What |is |the |function |of |the |GPe? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Inhibition |of |the |subthalamic |
nucleus.
What |is |the |function |of |the |subthalamic |nucleus? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Excitation |of |the |
GPi.
What |is |the |indirect |pathway? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Inhibitory |pathway |in |basal |ganglia.
What |is |the |function |of |the |indirect |pathway? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Regulate |unwanted |
motor |actions.
How |do |the |direct |and |indirect |pathways |work |together? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Modulate |
motor |activity.
,What |is |Parkinson's |disease? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Disorder |caused |by |dopamine |neuron |
degeneration.
What |are |the |hypokinetic |symptoms |of |Parkinson's |disease? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Bradykinesia, |rigidity, |resting |tremor.
What |is |deep |brain |stimulation |(DBS)? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Implanting |electrodes |to |
modulate |abnormal |neuronal |activity.
What |is |the |purpose |of |DBS? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Alleviate |motor |symptoms.
What |are |the |thalamic |motor |circuitry |nuclei |involved |in |motor |control? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-VA/VL |and |CM/pf.
What |inputs |converge |in |the |thalamus |to |modulate |motor |function? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Inputs |from |the |cerebral |cortex, |basal |ganglia, |cerebellum, |and |superior |colliculus.
What |is |the |function |of |the |reticulospinal |tract? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Controls |muscle |tone
|and |reflex |activity.
What |is |the |function |of |the |tectospinal |tract? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Orienting |the |eyes |and |
head |towards |visual |and |auditory |stimuli.
What |is |the |function |of |the |vestibulospinal |tract? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Helps |maintain |
coordination, |posture, |balance, |and |spatial |orientation.
What |is |the |primary |function |of |the |basal |ganglia |pathways? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Modulating |voluntary |movements.
, First |order |kinetics |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Type |of |kinetics |when |a |constant |percentage |of |
substrate |is |metabolized |per |unit |time. |Drug |clearance |from |body |occurs |exponentially; |a |
constant |fraction |(50%) |of |active/free |drug |in |blood |is |removed |at |each |time |interval. |Half-life |
= |time |needed |to |remove |50% |of |the |drug |from |blood.
Biotransformation |(drug |metabolism) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-metabolism |or |chemical |
changes |to |medicines |in |the |body. |Most |drug |moleculers |are |transfrormed |in |the |liver.
drug |absorption |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-movement |of |the |drug |into |the |bloodstream |after |
administration
Routes |of |administration |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Oral |(PO), |Intravenous |(IV), |Intramuscular |
(IM), |Subcutaneous |(SC), |Inhalation, |Topical, |Transdermal, |Epidural, |Intranasal
Placebo |vs |Nocebo |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Placebo |is |defined |as |an |inert |substance |that |
provokes |perceived |benefits, |whereas |the |term |nocebo |is |used |when |an |inert |substance |
causes |perceived |harm.
Teratogens |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-agents, |such |as |chemicals |and |viruses, |that |can |reach |the |
embryo |or |fetus |during |prenatal |development |and |cause |harm
depot |binding |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Type |of |drug |interaction |involving |binding |to |an |
inactive |site, |such |as |proteins |in |the |plasma, |bone, |or |fat |where |no |measurable |biological |
effect |is |initiated. |Long |lasting |drug |effects. |Drug |depots |also |known |as |silent |receptors
therapeutic |index |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-the |ratio |between |the |toxic |and |therapeutic |
concentrations |of |a |drug |(TD50/ED50). |Margin |of |safety |is |the |difference |between |ED50 |& |
TD50 |(ideally |large |margin |= |safer)
Study Guide Questions With Complete
Solutions
What |is |the |basal |ganglia? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-A |group |of |interconnected |structures |
involved |in |motor |control.
What |are |the |structures |that |make |up |the |basal |ganglia? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Caudate, |
putamen, |globus |pallidus, |subthalamic |nucleus, |substantia |nigra.
What |is |the |striatum? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |major |input |structure |of |the |basal |ganglia, |
consisting |of |the |caudate |and |putamen.
What |are |the |segments |of |the |globus |pallidus? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Internal |segment |
(GPi) |and |external |segment |(GPe).
What |is |the |subthalamic |nucleus? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-A |structure |within |the |basal |
ganglia.
What |is |the |role |of |the |thalamic |nuclei |in |extrapyramidal |motor |pathways? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-They |are |closely |associated |with |the |basal |ganglia |and |participate |in |
extrapyramidal |motor |pathways.
What |are |the |direct |and |indirect |pathways? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Two |interconnected |
circuits |within |the |basal |ganglia |that |modulate |motor |function.
,What |happens |in |the |direct |pathway? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Excitatory |input |from |the |
cortex |activates |the |striatum, |which |inhibits |the |GPi, |resulting |in |increased |cortical |motor |
activity.
What |is |the |role |of |the |indirect |pathway? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-It |inhibits |the |thalamus, |
reducing |cortical |motor |activity.
What |is |the |net |effect |of |the |direct |pathway? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Facilitation |of |voluntary
|movements.
What |is |the |net |effect |of |the |indirect |pathway? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Inhibition |of |
voluntary |movements.
What |is |the |function |of |the |GPi? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Inhibition |of |the |thalamus.
What |is |the |function |of |the |GPe? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Inhibition |of |the |subthalamic |
nucleus.
What |is |the |function |of |the |subthalamic |nucleus? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Excitation |of |the |
GPi.
What |is |the |indirect |pathway? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Inhibitory |pathway |in |basal |ganglia.
What |is |the |function |of |the |indirect |pathway? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Regulate |unwanted |
motor |actions.
How |do |the |direct |and |indirect |pathways |work |together? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Modulate |
motor |activity.
,What |is |Parkinson's |disease? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Disorder |caused |by |dopamine |neuron |
degeneration.
What |are |the |hypokinetic |symptoms |of |Parkinson's |disease? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Bradykinesia, |rigidity, |resting |tremor.
What |is |deep |brain |stimulation |(DBS)? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Implanting |electrodes |to |
modulate |abnormal |neuronal |activity.
What |is |the |purpose |of |DBS? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Alleviate |motor |symptoms.
What |are |the |thalamic |motor |circuitry |nuclei |involved |in |motor |control? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-VA/VL |and |CM/pf.
What |inputs |converge |in |the |thalamus |to |modulate |motor |function? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Inputs |from |the |cerebral |cortex, |basal |ganglia, |cerebellum, |and |superior |colliculus.
What |is |the |function |of |the |reticulospinal |tract? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Controls |muscle |tone
|and |reflex |activity.
What |is |the |function |of |the |tectospinal |tract? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Orienting |the |eyes |and |
head |towards |visual |and |auditory |stimuli.
What |is |the |function |of |the |vestibulospinal |tract? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Helps |maintain |
coordination, |posture, |balance, |and |spatial |orientation.
What |is |the |primary |function |of |the |basal |ganglia |pathways? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Modulating |voluntary |movements.
, First |order |kinetics |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Type |of |kinetics |when |a |constant |percentage |of |
substrate |is |metabolized |per |unit |time. |Drug |clearance |from |body |occurs |exponentially; |a |
constant |fraction |(50%) |of |active/free |drug |in |blood |is |removed |at |each |time |interval. |Half-life |
= |time |needed |to |remove |50% |of |the |drug |from |blood.
Biotransformation |(drug |metabolism) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-metabolism |or |chemical |
changes |to |medicines |in |the |body. |Most |drug |moleculers |are |transfrormed |in |the |liver.
drug |absorption |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-movement |of |the |drug |into |the |bloodstream |after |
administration
Routes |of |administration |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Oral |(PO), |Intravenous |(IV), |Intramuscular |
(IM), |Subcutaneous |(SC), |Inhalation, |Topical, |Transdermal, |Epidural, |Intranasal
Placebo |vs |Nocebo |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Placebo |is |defined |as |an |inert |substance |that |
provokes |perceived |benefits, |whereas |the |term |nocebo |is |used |when |an |inert |substance |
causes |perceived |harm.
Teratogens |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-agents, |such |as |chemicals |and |viruses, |that |can |reach |the |
embryo |or |fetus |during |prenatal |development |and |cause |harm
depot |binding |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Type |of |drug |interaction |involving |binding |to |an |
inactive |site, |such |as |proteins |in |the |plasma, |bone, |or |fat |where |no |measurable |biological |
effect |is |initiated. |Long |lasting |drug |effects. |Drug |depots |also |known |as |silent |receptors
therapeutic |index |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-the |ratio |between |the |toxic |and |therapeutic |
concentrations |of |a |drug |(TD50/ED50). |Margin |of |safety |is |the |difference |between |ED50 |& |
TD50 |(ideally |large |margin |= |safer)
