)
Bio 110 Chapter 2 Exam Prep Bundle:
Verified Practice Questions,Detailed
Solutions and High-Yield Lecture Notes
(Exam 1 Ready)
Arsenic (As) has an atomic number of 33 and an atomic mass of 75. How many protons,
neutrons, and electrons are present in Arsenic?
There are 33 protons, 33 electrons and 42 neutrons in Arsenic
How many electrons are in the valence shell of Carbon? How many bonds can carbon
make?
There are 4 electrons in the valence shell of carbon and carbon can make 4 bonds
Explain the difference between a polar covalent and a non-polar covalent bond
A polar covalent bond involves the unequal sharing of electrons leading to partial charges at
opposite ends of the molecule. A non-polar covalent bond involves the equal sharing of electrons
between atoms and there are no partial charges in the molecule
Why doesn't the electron count when measuring atomic mass?
The mass of the electron is so small in comparison with the mass of the neutrons and the protons
that they do not add appreciable mass to the atom.
Explain the difference between a hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and amphipathic molecule
A hydrophobic molecule tends to not interact with water, as it is highly non-polar. Hydrophilic
molecules react readily with water as they are polar. Amphipathic molecules have both a polar
and non-polar region.
If a solution has a pH of 5, how many more or less H ions are present than in a solution
with pH 6?
A solution with a pH of 5 has 10x more H ions that a solution with a pH of 6. A pH of 5 means
there is a concentration of 10-5 H ions present. A pH of 6 means there is 10-6 H ions present.
example of Monosaccharides
glucose fructose galactose deoxyribose ribose
is a digestible polysaccharide found in plants and composed of
starch
A polysaccharide composed of the same subunits, but linked together differently so that
most organisms cannot digest it is ________________ . This is known as dietary fiber.
starch
is a water-insoluble organic molecule such as a oil, steroid or wax
Lipid
are solid at room temperature, but oils are liquid
saturated fats
is a molecule with a central carbon joined to -H, -NH2, -COOH, and a variable R group
amino acid
A chain made of several of these molecules joined covalently by dehydration synthesis
forms a
1|P age
,polypeptide protein
A group of macromolecules that have many different functions are
proteins
monosaccharide
glucose, fructose, and galactose
disaccharide
sucrose, lactose, and maltose
polysaccharide
starch, glycogen, and cellulose
primary structure of protein
sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, determines all subsequent structure
secondary structure of protein
helical shape of a peptide chain due to hydrogen bonding, β sheets
tertiary structure of protein
Interaction of R groups of different amino acids, contortions in shape, disulfide bridges
quaternary structure
joining of several polypeptide chains
What type of chemical reaction results in the breakdown of organic of organic polymers
into their respective subunits?
Hydrolysis Percolation oxidation dehydration synthesis
Hydrocarbons are non soluble in water because
The C-H bond is nonpolar
What parts of the amino acid form the peptide bond ( what functional groups participate in
the bond formation)?
The peptide bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and that amino group of
another amino acid. This happens through dehydration synthesis.
What bonds are present in each of the four different levels of protein structure?
Primary-Peptide
Secondary- Hydrogen
Tertiary- Hydrogen, Covalent, and Ionic
Quaternary-Hydrogen, Covalent, Ionic
Name two ways that RNA is different from DNA
RNA has Ribonucleic Acid, DNA has Deoxyribonucleic Acid. RNA is single stranded, DNA is
double stranded, RNA contains Uracil, DNA contains Thymine
What type of bond is formed between a glycerol and fatty acids?
Ester bond
What type of bond is formed 2 nucleotides in a single strand of DNA?
phospho-diester bond
What type of bond is formed 2 sugars?
glcyosidic bond
What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
Dehydration synthesis builds molecules and hydrolysis breaks them down
Why are steroids considered lipids?
Steroids don't resemble other lipids but they are classified as lipids because they are also
hydrophobic and insoluble in water.
Name one type of steroid
2|P age
, cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone
Distinguish between matter, chemical elements, and compounds. Give examples of each.
-matter is anything that occupies space and has mass and matter is found on Earth is 3 physical
states: solid, liquid, and gas
-chemical elements are substances that cannot be broken down into other substances, there are 92
naturally occurring elements on Earth; examples: carbon, oxygen, gold
-compounds are substances that contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio; examples: table
salt and water
Describe the relative size, location, and electrical charge of protons, neutrons, and electrons
with an atom. Explain how the atomic number and mass number are determined.
Atoms are composed of subatomic particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons. A proton is a
subatomic particle with a single unit of positive electrical charge (+). An electron is a subatomic
particle with a single unit of negative electrical charge (-). A neutron is electrically neutral (has
no electrical charge). The number of protons in an atom, called the atomic number determines
which element it is. Mass number is just the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its
nucleus.
Define an isotope.
a variant form of an atom; isotopes of an element have the same number of protons and electrons
but different number of neutrons
Explain how the location of electrons determines the chemical properties of an atom.
The number of electrons in the outermost shell determines the chemical the chemical properties
of an atom. Atoms whose outer shells are not full tend to interact with other atoms-that is, to
participate in chemical reactions.
Distinguish between ionic, covalent, and hydrogen chemical bonds.
-ionic bond: the attraction between oppositely charged ions
-covalent bond: forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons
-hydrogen bond: a type of weak chemical bond formed when a partially positive hydrogen atom
from one polar molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom in another molecule
What are proteins made of?
Proteins are macromolecules made up of polymers (chains) of amino acids.
How are amino acids linked in proteins?
Amino acids in proteins are covalently linked by peptide bonds.
What is the primary function of proteins in cells?
Proteins do the work of the cell, acting like microscopic machines.
What determines the identity of an amino acid?
The identity of an amino acid is determined by its side chain group.
What are the three broad categories of amino acids?
Nonpolar (hydrophobic), Polar (hydrophilic), and Charged (acidic or basic).
What are the four levels of protein structure?
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary structure.
What role do enzymes play in biochemical reactions?
Enzymes are protein catalysts that facilitate reactions by lowering activation energy.
What are macromolecules made of?
Macromolecules are made of CHONPS: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and
Sulfur.
What are nucleic acids built from?
3|P age
Bio 110 Chapter 2 Exam Prep Bundle:
Verified Practice Questions,Detailed
Solutions and High-Yield Lecture Notes
(Exam 1 Ready)
Arsenic (As) has an atomic number of 33 and an atomic mass of 75. How many protons,
neutrons, and electrons are present in Arsenic?
There are 33 protons, 33 electrons and 42 neutrons in Arsenic
How many electrons are in the valence shell of Carbon? How many bonds can carbon
make?
There are 4 electrons in the valence shell of carbon and carbon can make 4 bonds
Explain the difference between a polar covalent and a non-polar covalent bond
A polar covalent bond involves the unequal sharing of electrons leading to partial charges at
opposite ends of the molecule. A non-polar covalent bond involves the equal sharing of electrons
between atoms and there are no partial charges in the molecule
Why doesn't the electron count when measuring atomic mass?
The mass of the electron is so small in comparison with the mass of the neutrons and the protons
that they do not add appreciable mass to the atom.
Explain the difference between a hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and amphipathic molecule
A hydrophobic molecule tends to not interact with water, as it is highly non-polar. Hydrophilic
molecules react readily with water as they are polar. Amphipathic molecules have both a polar
and non-polar region.
If a solution has a pH of 5, how many more or less H ions are present than in a solution
with pH 6?
A solution with a pH of 5 has 10x more H ions that a solution with a pH of 6. A pH of 5 means
there is a concentration of 10-5 H ions present. A pH of 6 means there is 10-6 H ions present.
example of Monosaccharides
glucose fructose galactose deoxyribose ribose
is a digestible polysaccharide found in plants and composed of
starch
A polysaccharide composed of the same subunits, but linked together differently so that
most organisms cannot digest it is ________________ . This is known as dietary fiber.
starch
is a water-insoluble organic molecule such as a oil, steroid or wax
Lipid
are solid at room temperature, but oils are liquid
saturated fats
is a molecule with a central carbon joined to -H, -NH2, -COOH, and a variable R group
amino acid
A chain made of several of these molecules joined covalently by dehydration synthesis
forms a
1|P age
,polypeptide protein
A group of macromolecules that have many different functions are
proteins
monosaccharide
glucose, fructose, and galactose
disaccharide
sucrose, lactose, and maltose
polysaccharide
starch, glycogen, and cellulose
primary structure of protein
sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, determines all subsequent structure
secondary structure of protein
helical shape of a peptide chain due to hydrogen bonding, β sheets
tertiary structure of protein
Interaction of R groups of different amino acids, contortions in shape, disulfide bridges
quaternary structure
joining of several polypeptide chains
What type of chemical reaction results in the breakdown of organic of organic polymers
into their respective subunits?
Hydrolysis Percolation oxidation dehydration synthesis
Hydrocarbons are non soluble in water because
The C-H bond is nonpolar
What parts of the amino acid form the peptide bond ( what functional groups participate in
the bond formation)?
The peptide bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and that amino group of
another amino acid. This happens through dehydration synthesis.
What bonds are present in each of the four different levels of protein structure?
Primary-Peptide
Secondary- Hydrogen
Tertiary- Hydrogen, Covalent, and Ionic
Quaternary-Hydrogen, Covalent, Ionic
Name two ways that RNA is different from DNA
RNA has Ribonucleic Acid, DNA has Deoxyribonucleic Acid. RNA is single stranded, DNA is
double stranded, RNA contains Uracil, DNA contains Thymine
What type of bond is formed between a glycerol and fatty acids?
Ester bond
What type of bond is formed 2 nucleotides in a single strand of DNA?
phospho-diester bond
What type of bond is formed 2 sugars?
glcyosidic bond
What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
Dehydration synthesis builds molecules and hydrolysis breaks them down
Why are steroids considered lipids?
Steroids don't resemble other lipids but they are classified as lipids because they are also
hydrophobic and insoluble in water.
Name one type of steroid
2|P age
, cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone
Distinguish between matter, chemical elements, and compounds. Give examples of each.
-matter is anything that occupies space and has mass and matter is found on Earth is 3 physical
states: solid, liquid, and gas
-chemical elements are substances that cannot be broken down into other substances, there are 92
naturally occurring elements on Earth; examples: carbon, oxygen, gold
-compounds are substances that contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio; examples: table
salt and water
Describe the relative size, location, and electrical charge of protons, neutrons, and electrons
with an atom. Explain how the atomic number and mass number are determined.
Atoms are composed of subatomic particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons. A proton is a
subatomic particle with a single unit of positive electrical charge (+). An electron is a subatomic
particle with a single unit of negative electrical charge (-). A neutron is electrically neutral (has
no electrical charge). The number of protons in an atom, called the atomic number determines
which element it is. Mass number is just the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its
nucleus.
Define an isotope.
a variant form of an atom; isotopes of an element have the same number of protons and electrons
but different number of neutrons
Explain how the location of electrons determines the chemical properties of an atom.
The number of electrons in the outermost shell determines the chemical the chemical properties
of an atom. Atoms whose outer shells are not full tend to interact with other atoms-that is, to
participate in chemical reactions.
Distinguish between ionic, covalent, and hydrogen chemical bonds.
-ionic bond: the attraction between oppositely charged ions
-covalent bond: forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons
-hydrogen bond: a type of weak chemical bond formed when a partially positive hydrogen atom
from one polar molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom in another molecule
What are proteins made of?
Proteins are macromolecules made up of polymers (chains) of amino acids.
How are amino acids linked in proteins?
Amino acids in proteins are covalently linked by peptide bonds.
What is the primary function of proteins in cells?
Proteins do the work of the cell, acting like microscopic machines.
What determines the identity of an amino acid?
The identity of an amino acid is determined by its side chain group.
What are the three broad categories of amino acids?
Nonpolar (hydrophobic), Polar (hydrophilic), and Charged (acidic or basic).
What are the four levels of protein structure?
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary structure.
What role do enzymes play in biochemical reactions?
Enzymes are protein catalysts that facilitate reactions by lowering activation energy.
What are macromolecules made of?
Macromolecules are made of CHONPS: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and
Sulfur.
What are nucleic acids built from?
3|P age
