SCI 225 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
QUESTION AND ANSWER REVIEW 2026
◉ Deep vein thrombosis. Answer: Blood clot formation in deep
veins, typically lower extremities, characterized by unilateral pain,
swelling, warmth.
◉ Pulmonary embolism. Answer: Blockage of pulmonary arteries,
typically by thrombus from lower extremities. Presents with
dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, tachycardia.
◉ Hemoptysis. Answer: Coughing up blood from respiratory tract.
◉ Tuberculosis pathophysiology. Answer: Granulomatous
inflammation caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily
affecting lungs with caseating granulomas.
◉ Hypocapnia. Answer: Decreased arterial CO₂, typically due to
hyperventilation.
◉ Hypercapnia. Answer: Increased arterial CO₂, typically due to
hypoventilation or increased dead space.
, ◉ Pneumothorax. Answer: Air in pleural space causing lung collapse.
◉ Flail chest. Answer: Paradoxical chest wall movement due to
multiple rib fractures in multiple places.
◉ Empyema. Answer: Pus collection in pleural space, usually from
bacterial infection.
◉ Adenocarcinoma. Answer: Most common lung cancer type, often
peripheral, arising from glandular tissue.
◉ Small cell lung carcinoma. Answer: Aggressive neuroendocrine
tumor, strongly associated with smoking, often presenting with
paraneoplastic syndromes.
◉ Alveolar dead space. Answer: Ventilated alveoli receiving
inadequate perfusion.
◉ Pulsus paradoxus. Answer: Abnormal decrease in systolic BP
>10mmHg during inspiration, seen in cardiac tamponade, severe
asthma.
◉ Restrictive vs. obstructive lung disease. Answer: Restrictive:
Decreased lung volumes with normal airflow (fibrosis); Obstructive:
QUESTION AND ANSWER REVIEW 2026
◉ Deep vein thrombosis. Answer: Blood clot formation in deep
veins, typically lower extremities, characterized by unilateral pain,
swelling, warmth.
◉ Pulmonary embolism. Answer: Blockage of pulmonary arteries,
typically by thrombus from lower extremities. Presents with
dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, tachycardia.
◉ Hemoptysis. Answer: Coughing up blood from respiratory tract.
◉ Tuberculosis pathophysiology. Answer: Granulomatous
inflammation caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily
affecting lungs with caseating granulomas.
◉ Hypocapnia. Answer: Decreased arterial CO₂, typically due to
hyperventilation.
◉ Hypercapnia. Answer: Increased arterial CO₂, typically due to
hypoventilation or increased dead space.
, ◉ Pneumothorax. Answer: Air in pleural space causing lung collapse.
◉ Flail chest. Answer: Paradoxical chest wall movement due to
multiple rib fractures in multiple places.
◉ Empyema. Answer: Pus collection in pleural space, usually from
bacterial infection.
◉ Adenocarcinoma. Answer: Most common lung cancer type, often
peripheral, arising from glandular tissue.
◉ Small cell lung carcinoma. Answer: Aggressive neuroendocrine
tumor, strongly associated with smoking, often presenting with
paraneoplastic syndromes.
◉ Alveolar dead space. Answer: Ventilated alveoli receiving
inadequate perfusion.
◉ Pulsus paradoxus. Answer: Abnormal decrease in systolic BP
>10mmHg during inspiration, seen in cardiac tamponade, severe
asthma.
◉ Restrictive vs. obstructive lung disease. Answer: Restrictive:
Decreased lung volumes with normal airflow (fibrosis); Obstructive:
