All 28 Chapters Covered
SOLUTION MANUAL
,Contents
Chapter 0
Chapter I 3
Chapter 2
38
53
Chapter 7
Chapter 9 82
Chapter 10 97
Chapter 11 126
Chapter 12 Advanced Topics in Equilibrium 142
Chapter 13 175
Chapter 14 189
Chapter 15 202
Chapter 16 Electroanalytical Techniques
Chapter 17
238
Chapter 19 251
260
Chapter 21
Chapter 22 284
Chapter 23 Gas Chromatography 298
311
Chapter 25 327
345
360
, CHAPTER 0
THE ANALYTICAL PROCESS
0-1. Qualitative analysis finds out what is in a sample. Quantitative analysis measures
how much is in a sample.
0-2. Steps in a chemical analysis:
(1) Formulate the question: Convert a general question into a specific one that
can be answered by a chemical measurement.
(2) Select the appropriate analytical procedure.
(3) Obtain a representative sample.
(4) Sample preparation: Convert the representative sample into a sample suitable
for analysis. If necessary, concentrate the analyte and remove or mask
interfering species.
(5) Analysis: Measure the unknown concentration in replicate analyses.
(6) Produce a clear report of results, including estimates of uncertainty.
(7) Draw conclusions: Based on the analytical results, decide what actions to
take.
0-3. Masking converts an interfering species to a noninterfering species.
0-4. A calibration curve shows the response of an analytical method as a function of
the known concentration of analyte in standard solutions. Once the calibration
curve is known, then the concentration of an unknown can be deduced from a
measured response.
0-5. (a) A homogeneous material has the same composition everywhere. In a
heterogeneous material, the composition is not the same everywhere.
(b) In a segregated heterogeneous material, the composition varies on a large
scale. There could be large parches with one composition and large patches
with another composition. The differences are segregated into different
regions. In a random heterogeneous material, the differences occur on a fine
scale. lf we collect a "reasonable-size" portion, we will capture each of the
different compositions that are present.
(e) To sample a segregatedheterogeneous material, we take representative
amounts from each of the obviously different regions. In panel b in Box 0-I,
66% of the area has composition A, 14% is B, and 20% is C. To construct a
, 2 Chapter 0
representative bulk sample, we could take 66 randomly selected samples
from region A, 14 from region B, and 20 from region C. To sample a
random heterogeneous material, we divide the material into imaginary
segments and collect random segments with the help of a table of random
numbers.
0-6. We are apparently observing interference by Mn? in the I analysis by method
A. The result of the I analysis is affected by the presence of Mn2. The greater
the concentration of Mn? in the mineral water, the greater is the apparent
concentration of I found by method A. Method B is not subject to the same
interference, so the concentration of I is low and independent of addition of
Mn2t. There must be some Mn?' in the original mineral water, which causes
method A to give a higher result than method B even when no Mn?' is
deliberately added.
SOLUTION MANUAL
,Contents
Chapter 0
Chapter I 3
Chapter 2
38
53
Chapter 7
Chapter 9 82
Chapter 10 97
Chapter 11 126
Chapter 12 Advanced Topics in Equilibrium 142
Chapter 13 175
Chapter 14 189
Chapter 15 202
Chapter 16 Electroanalytical Techniques
Chapter 17
238
Chapter 19 251
260
Chapter 21
Chapter 22 284
Chapter 23 Gas Chromatography 298
311
Chapter 25 327
345
360
, CHAPTER 0
THE ANALYTICAL PROCESS
0-1. Qualitative analysis finds out what is in a sample. Quantitative analysis measures
how much is in a sample.
0-2. Steps in a chemical analysis:
(1) Formulate the question: Convert a general question into a specific one that
can be answered by a chemical measurement.
(2) Select the appropriate analytical procedure.
(3) Obtain a representative sample.
(4) Sample preparation: Convert the representative sample into a sample suitable
for analysis. If necessary, concentrate the analyte and remove or mask
interfering species.
(5) Analysis: Measure the unknown concentration in replicate analyses.
(6) Produce a clear report of results, including estimates of uncertainty.
(7) Draw conclusions: Based on the analytical results, decide what actions to
take.
0-3. Masking converts an interfering species to a noninterfering species.
0-4. A calibration curve shows the response of an analytical method as a function of
the known concentration of analyte in standard solutions. Once the calibration
curve is known, then the concentration of an unknown can be deduced from a
measured response.
0-5. (a) A homogeneous material has the same composition everywhere. In a
heterogeneous material, the composition is not the same everywhere.
(b) In a segregated heterogeneous material, the composition varies on a large
scale. There could be large parches with one composition and large patches
with another composition. The differences are segregated into different
regions. In a random heterogeneous material, the differences occur on a fine
scale. lf we collect a "reasonable-size" portion, we will capture each of the
different compositions that are present.
(e) To sample a segregatedheterogeneous material, we take representative
amounts from each of the obviously different regions. In panel b in Box 0-I,
66% of the area has composition A, 14% is B, and 20% is C. To construct a
, 2 Chapter 0
representative bulk sample, we could take 66 randomly selected samples
from region A, 14 from region B, and 20 from region C. To sample a
random heterogeneous material, we divide the material into imaginary
segments and collect random segments with the help of a table of random
numbers.
0-6. We are apparently observing interference by Mn? in the I analysis by method
A. The result of the I analysis is affected by the presence of Mn2. The greater
the concentration of Mn? in the mineral water, the greater is the apparent
concentration of I found by method A. Method B is not subject to the same
interference, so the concentration of I is low and independent of addition of
Mn2t. There must be some Mn?' in the original mineral water, which causes
method A to give a higher result than method B even when no Mn?' is
deliberately added.
