DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: THE
SCIENCE OF MIND CHAPTER 12
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2026
serotonin transporter gene - Answersthe __________ comes in 2 alleles. people with a
copy of the short (s) allele tend to be more anxious & cautious, whereas people with a
cope of the long (L) allele are prone to greater risk taking & creativity
personality - Answersthe science of _______ explores characteristic patterns of
thinking, feeling, & behaving
psychodynamic - Answersa theory put forward by Freud in which psychic energy moves
among the compartments of the personality: id, ego, & superego
psychoanalysis - AnswersFreud's treatment approach based on his psychodynamic
theory
id - Answers(Unconscious) gratification, doesn't care about long-term consequences,
"take + do" for fun
ego - Answers(mostly conscious) person, listens to id and superego, can't live by the
book all the time
superego - Answers(Preconscious, internalized ideals) internalizes society's rules for
right & wrong (the conscience)
defense mechanism - Answers(in Freud's theory) a protective behavior that reduces
anxiety, indirectly and unconsciously distorting reality to make it acceptable
psychosexual stage - Answers(stage in Freud's theory of the developing personality)
how the developing personality handles sexual impulses of the id. 5 stages: oral, anal,
phallic, latency, & genital
conscious - Answersideas, thoughts, & feelings of which we are aware
preconscious - Answersmaterial that can be easily obtained
neo-Freudian - Answersa theorist who attempted to update & modify Sigmund Freud's
original theory of personality
, Alfred Adler - Answersinferiority complex - overwhelming feelings of inferiority →
overcompensation
Carl Jung - Answersdeveloped concepts of intro/extroversion. divided the unconscious
mind into 2 components: personal & collective (our common psychological
predispositions as humans passed from generation to generation)
unconscious mind - Answersthe part of mental activity that cannot be voluntarily
retrieved
Karen Horney - Answersone of the first female psychiatrists, evaluated effects of
patriarchy, criticized Freud's sexism
B.F. Skinner - Answersbehaviorism. operant conditioning → stable "response
tendencies"/traits (are flexible & subject to change)
humanistic psychology - Answers(originally called "third-force" psychology) viewed
humans as unique, with inherently good nature. advocated studying exceptional people
to examine why they succeed
Carl Rogers - Answersemphasized congruency (similarity between real & ideal self),
incongruence → disordered behaviors. developed his Humanistic Theory of Personality
(need for self-actualization & positive regard can lead to either seld-actualization or self-
discrepancies)
trait - Answersa stable personality characteristic
Extroversion - Answerswarmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement
seeking, & positive emotion
Introversion - Answerscoolness, reserve, passivity, inactivity, caution, & negative
emotion
social-cognitive theory - Answerstheory of personality that features cognition & learning,
especially from the social environment, as important sources of individual differences in
personality
Big Five Theory - Answersa trait theory that identifies 5 main characteristics that
account for most individual differences in personality (C.A.N.O.E)
Conscientiousness - Answerscompetence, order, dutifulness, achievement, striving,
self-discipline, & deliberation
Agreeableness - Answerstrustworthiness, altruism, trust, compliance, modesty, & tender
mindedness
SCIENCE OF MIND CHAPTER 12
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2026
serotonin transporter gene - Answersthe __________ comes in 2 alleles. people with a
copy of the short (s) allele tend to be more anxious & cautious, whereas people with a
cope of the long (L) allele are prone to greater risk taking & creativity
personality - Answersthe science of _______ explores characteristic patterns of
thinking, feeling, & behaving
psychodynamic - Answersa theory put forward by Freud in which psychic energy moves
among the compartments of the personality: id, ego, & superego
psychoanalysis - AnswersFreud's treatment approach based on his psychodynamic
theory
id - Answers(Unconscious) gratification, doesn't care about long-term consequences,
"take + do" for fun
ego - Answers(mostly conscious) person, listens to id and superego, can't live by the
book all the time
superego - Answers(Preconscious, internalized ideals) internalizes society's rules for
right & wrong (the conscience)
defense mechanism - Answers(in Freud's theory) a protective behavior that reduces
anxiety, indirectly and unconsciously distorting reality to make it acceptable
psychosexual stage - Answers(stage in Freud's theory of the developing personality)
how the developing personality handles sexual impulses of the id. 5 stages: oral, anal,
phallic, latency, & genital
conscious - Answersideas, thoughts, & feelings of which we are aware
preconscious - Answersmaterial that can be easily obtained
neo-Freudian - Answersa theorist who attempted to update & modify Sigmund Freud's
original theory of personality
, Alfred Adler - Answersinferiority complex - overwhelming feelings of inferiority →
overcompensation
Carl Jung - Answersdeveloped concepts of intro/extroversion. divided the unconscious
mind into 2 components: personal & collective (our common psychological
predispositions as humans passed from generation to generation)
unconscious mind - Answersthe part of mental activity that cannot be voluntarily
retrieved
Karen Horney - Answersone of the first female psychiatrists, evaluated effects of
patriarchy, criticized Freud's sexism
B.F. Skinner - Answersbehaviorism. operant conditioning → stable "response
tendencies"/traits (are flexible & subject to change)
humanistic psychology - Answers(originally called "third-force" psychology) viewed
humans as unique, with inherently good nature. advocated studying exceptional people
to examine why they succeed
Carl Rogers - Answersemphasized congruency (similarity between real & ideal self),
incongruence → disordered behaviors. developed his Humanistic Theory of Personality
(need for self-actualization & positive regard can lead to either seld-actualization or self-
discrepancies)
trait - Answersa stable personality characteristic
Extroversion - Answerswarmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement
seeking, & positive emotion
Introversion - Answerscoolness, reserve, passivity, inactivity, caution, & negative
emotion
social-cognitive theory - Answerstheory of personality that features cognition & learning,
especially from the social environment, as important sources of individual differences in
personality
Big Five Theory - Answersa trait theory that identifies 5 main characteristics that
account for most individual differences in personality (C.A.N.O.E)
Conscientiousness - Answerscompetence, order, dutifulness, achievement, striving,
self-discipline, & deliberation
Agreeableness - Answerstrustworthiness, altruism, trust, compliance, modesty, & tender
mindedness
