! look up any words u don’t know from the ppt Q on exam w pictures of items
+ be able to give more examples than the ones on ppt
+ be able to explain why smth is written the way it is (theory!)
_________________________________________________________________________________
EERSTE SEMESTER :
agreement: verb agrees w/ subject
Ch. 25
PLURAL VERB
plural subject
2 subjects: ‘and’ ‘both’ mom and dad were / both of them are
binary nouns scissors are
! two items are considered as one concept SG verb
fish and chips is - Roast beef and Yorkshire is
when two items are linked by ‘or’ verb agrees w/ 2nd item
my brothers or my parents are
SINGULAR VERB
illness measles is / mumps is
sport aerobics is / gymnastics is
study mathematics is / statistics is / politics is
plural subjects describing a single entity
(measurement / time) two meters is / 24 hrs is
titles of books and films his film, ‘the birds’ is
COLECTIVE NOUNS
SG VERB when cn is presented as a ‘whole’ entity
the UN has agreed / the family has agreed / the team is good
PL VERB when cn is presented as group of individuals
always pl: police are (exam!!) / people are / cattle are
the majority
a number + OF + PL noun pl verb
a couple
BUT
a large amount of … is
the number is
,PROPER NOUNS = GENERALLY CAPITALISED
= unique, refer to one individual/thing
e.g. Germany, Mount Everest, February, Jason, (ALL MONTHS)
! may be variable depending on context: 2 Mount Everests, Februarys
COMMON NOUNS = GENERALLY NOT CAPITALISED
O COUNTABLE NOUNS ( ALLOW A PLURAL FORM )
= variable (sg + pl form)
regular plural form: singular form + inflectional suffix -(e)s e.g. phobia phobias …
irregular plural forms e.g. mouse – mice, child – children, thesis – theses, Portuguese – Portuguese
O UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (HAVE EITHER A SINGULAR FORM OR A PLURAL )
= invariable (sg or pl form)
nouns may be count/non-count nouns depending on semantics
e.g. Iron, land-countries
the door is made of iron – I have two irons
this is a large piece of land – we live in different countries
REGULAR PLURALS:
o noun ends in sibilant (= s sound) +ES
Coach Coaches
bus buses Branch Branches
gas gases Brush Brushes
fish fish: plural (fishes: referring to diff types of fish) Complex complexes
box boxes
Eyelash Eyelashes
switch switches
fez fezzes -Z final consonant doubles Wish Wishes
class classes Cross Crosses
mass masses Beach Beaches
kiss kisses Dish Dishes
inch inches
Flash Flashes
peach peaches
,rhinoceros rhinoceroses
speech speeches
o noun ends in sibilant but spelt w/ final -e +S
BRIDGE Bridges BRIEFCASE BRIEFCASES
GARAGE GARAGES NOSE NOSES
PURPOSE PURPOSES CORPSE COPRSES
CAUSE CAUSES BRUISE BRUISES
HORSE HORSES UNIVERSE UNIVERSES
MAZE MAZES DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSES
ORANGE ORANGES
PROMISE PROMISES
HOUSE HOUSES
o +S
abbreviation(=clipping) + ends in an -o (w/out apostrophe!)
Disco(theque) discos Pro(fessional) pros
MEMO(RANDUM ) MEMOS HIPPO (POTAMUS) HIPPOS
RHINO (CEROS) RHINOS
JOURNO (JOURNALIST ) JOURNOS GARBO (GARBAGE ) GARBOS australian EN
KILO (GRAM ) KILOS TYPO (GRAPHICAL ERROR) TYPOS
LIMO(USINE ) LIMOS SICKO (SICK) SICKOS
o proper noun + ends in an -o
FILIPINO Filipinos Eskimo Eskimos
MICHAEL MICHAEL NEGRO NEGROES
ANGELO A NGELOS
o noun ends in an -o + preceded by a vowel letter/sound
EMBRYO Embryos Scenario Scenarios
Cameo CAMeos
TRIO TRIOS BAMBOO BAMBOOS
RADIO RADIOS IGLOO IGLOOS
TATTOO TATTOOS STUDIO STUDIOS
Taboo TABOOS ZOO ZOOS
kangaroo kangaroos
o noun ends in an -o + refers to Italian musical term (rarely asked on exam)
CONCERTO CONCERTOS SOPRANO SOPRANOS
, +S / +ES o other words ending in an -o you can choose
slides)
(only examples on
CASINO Casinos Veto Vetoes
KIMONO KIMONOS TORNADO TORNADOS / TORNADOES
QUANGO QUANGOS MOSQUITO MOSQUITOS / MOSQUITOES
SILOS SILOS GHETTO GHETTOS / GHETTOES
POTATO POTATOES VOLCANO VOLCANOS / VOLCANOES
TOMATO TOMATOES MANGO MANGOS / MANGOES
HERO HEROES HALO HALOS / HALOES
FLAMINGO FLAMINGOES
Red = more preferred know the difference on exam!
end in o noun ends in an -y + preceded by a consonant IE + S
Country countries Daisy Daisies
-Y Army
Balcony
armies
balconies
LADY
City
LADIES
cities
Curry curries Baby babies
Bully bullies Enemy enemies
Bunny bunnies Library libraries
Fly flies Pony ponies
Spy spies Secretary secretaries
Theory theories Rally rallies
duty duties poppy poppies
exceptions!
o compounds with ‘-by’ + S (w/out spelling changes)
Lay-by Lay-bys
Stand-by Stand-bys
o proper noun ends in a consonant + Y + S (w/out spelling changes)
GERMANY Germanys Bloody Mary Bloody Marys
January JANUARYS GRAMMY GRAMMYS
February FEBRUARYS EMMY EMMYS
Kennedy KENNEDYS HENRY HENRYS
+ be able to give more examples than the ones on ppt
+ be able to explain why smth is written the way it is (theory!)
_________________________________________________________________________________
EERSTE SEMESTER :
agreement: verb agrees w/ subject
Ch. 25
PLURAL VERB
plural subject
2 subjects: ‘and’ ‘both’ mom and dad were / both of them are
binary nouns scissors are
! two items are considered as one concept SG verb
fish and chips is - Roast beef and Yorkshire is
when two items are linked by ‘or’ verb agrees w/ 2nd item
my brothers or my parents are
SINGULAR VERB
illness measles is / mumps is
sport aerobics is / gymnastics is
study mathematics is / statistics is / politics is
plural subjects describing a single entity
(measurement / time) two meters is / 24 hrs is
titles of books and films his film, ‘the birds’ is
COLECTIVE NOUNS
SG VERB when cn is presented as a ‘whole’ entity
the UN has agreed / the family has agreed / the team is good
PL VERB when cn is presented as group of individuals
always pl: police are (exam!!) / people are / cattle are
the majority
a number + OF + PL noun pl verb
a couple
BUT
a large amount of … is
the number is
,PROPER NOUNS = GENERALLY CAPITALISED
= unique, refer to one individual/thing
e.g. Germany, Mount Everest, February, Jason, (ALL MONTHS)
! may be variable depending on context: 2 Mount Everests, Februarys
COMMON NOUNS = GENERALLY NOT CAPITALISED
O COUNTABLE NOUNS ( ALLOW A PLURAL FORM )
= variable (sg + pl form)
regular plural form: singular form + inflectional suffix -(e)s e.g. phobia phobias …
irregular plural forms e.g. mouse – mice, child – children, thesis – theses, Portuguese – Portuguese
O UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (HAVE EITHER A SINGULAR FORM OR A PLURAL )
= invariable (sg or pl form)
nouns may be count/non-count nouns depending on semantics
e.g. Iron, land-countries
the door is made of iron – I have two irons
this is a large piece of land – we live in different countries
REGULAR PLURALS:
o noun ends in sibilant (= s sound) +ES
Coach Coaches
bus buses Branch Branches
gas gases Brush Brushes
fish fish: plural (fishes: referring to diff types of fish) Complex complexes
box boxes
Eyelash Eyelashes
switch switches
fez fezzes -Z final consonant doubles Wish Wishes
class classes Cross Crosses
mass masses Beach Beaches
kiss kisses Dish Dishes
inch inches
Flash Flashes
peach peaches
,rhinoceros rhinoceroses
speech speeches
o noun ends in sibilant but spelt w/ final -e +S
BRIDGE Bridges BRIEFCASE BRIEFCASES
GARAGE GARAGES NOSE NOSES
PURPOSE PURPOSES CORPSE COPRSES
CAUSE CAUSES BRUISE BRUISES
HORSE HORSES UNIVERSE UNIVERSES
MAZE MAZES DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSES
ORANGE ORANGES
PROMISE PROMISES
HOUSE HOUSES
o +S
abbreviation(=clipping) + ends in an -o (w/out apostrophe!)
Disco(theque) discos Pro(fessional) pros
MEMO(RANDUM ) MEMOS HIPPO (POTAMUS) HIPPOS
RHINO (CEROS) RHINOS
JOURNO (JOURNALIST ) JOURNOS GARBO (GARBAGE ) GARBOS australian EN
KILO (GRAM ) KILOS TYPO (GRAPHICAL ERROR) TYPOS
LIMO(USINE ) LIMOS SICKO (SICK) SICKOS
o proper noun + ends in an -o
FILIPINO Filipinos Eskimo Eskimos
MICHAEL MICHAEL NEGRO NEGROES
ANGELO A NGELOS
o noun ends in an -o + preceded by a vowel letter/sound
EMBRYO Embryos Scenario Scenarios
Cameo CAMeos
TRIO TRIOS BAMBOO BAMBOOS
RADIO RADIOS IGLOO IGLOOS
TATTOO TATTOOS STUDIO STUDIOS
Taboo TABOOS ZOO ZOOS
kangaroo kangaroos
o noun ends in an -o + refers to Italian musical term (rarely asked on exam)
CONCERTO CONCERTOS SOPRANO SOPRANOS
, +S / +ES o other words ending in an -o you can choose
slides)
(only examples on
CASINO Casinos Veto Vetoes
KIMONO KIMONOS TORNADO TORNADOS / TORNADOES
QUANGO QUANGOS MOSQUITO MOSQUITOS / MOSQUITOES
SILOS SILOS GHETTO GHETTOS / GHETTOES
POTATO POTATOES VOLCANO VOLCANOS / VOLCANOES
TOMATO TOMATOES MANGO MANGOS / MANGOES
HERO HEROES HALO HALOS / HALOES
FLAMINGO FLAMINGOES
Red = more preferred know the difference on exam!
end in o noun ends in an -y + preceded by a consonant IE + S
Country countries Daisy Daisies
-Y Army
Balcony
armies
balconies
LADY
City
LADIES
cities
Curry curries Baby babies
Bully bullies Enemy enemies
Bunny bunnies Library libraries
Fly flies Pony ponies
Spy spies Secretary secretaries
Theory theories Rally rallies
duty duties poppy poppies
exceptions!
o compounds with ‘-by’ + S (w/out spelling changes)
Lay-by Lay-bys
Stand-by Stand-bys
o proper noun ends in a consonant + Y + S (w/out spelling changes)
GERMANY Germanys Bloody Mary Bloody Marys
January JANUARYS GRAMMY GRAMMYS
February FEBRUARYS EMMY EMMYS
Kennedy KENNEDYS HENRY HENRYS
