,An Introduction to Physical Science 15th Edition James Shipman, Jerry D. Wilson, Charle
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
s A. Higgins, Bo Lou
zk zk zk zk
Chapter 1-24 zk
Chapter 1 zk
MEASUREMENT
Chapter 1 is important because all quantitative knowledge about our physical environment is
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
based on measurement. Some chapter sections have been reorganized and rewritten for clarity. T
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
he 1.2 Section, ―Scientific Investigation,‖ introduces the student to the procedures for scientific in
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
vestigation. Major terms such as experiment, law, hypothesis, theory and scientific method are in
z k zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
troduced. The idea that physical science deals with quantitative knowledge should be stressed. It
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
is not enough to know that a car is going ―fast‖; it is necessary to know how fast.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
A good understanding of units is of the utmost importance, particularly with the metric-
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
zk British use in the United States today. The metric SI is introduced and explained. Both the metric
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk z
k and the British systems are used in the book in the early chapters for familiarity. The instructor
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
may decide to do examples primarily in the metric system, but the student should get some practi
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ce in converting between the systems. This provides knowledge of the comparative size of simila
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
r units in the different systems and makes the student feel comfortable using what may be unfam
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
iliar metric units. The Highlight, ―Is Unit Conversion Important? It Sure Is,‖ illustrates the import
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ance of unit conversion. zk zk zk
The general theme of the chapter and the textbook is the students’ position in his or her
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
physical world. Show the students that they know about their environment and themselves throu
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
gh measurements. Measurements are involved in the answers to such questions as, How old are y
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ou? How much do you weigh? How tall are you? What is the normal body temperature?
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
How much money do you have? These and many other technical questions are resolved or answer
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ed by measurements and quantitative analyses.
zk zk zk zk zk
DEMONSTRATIONS
Have a meter stick, a yardstick, a timer, one or more kilogram masses, a one-
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
liter beaker or a liter soda container, a one-
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
quart container, and a balance or scales available on the instructor’s desk. Demonstrate the comp
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
arative units. The meter stick can be compared to the yardstick to show the difference between th
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
em, along with the subunits of inches and centimeters. The liter and quart also can be compared.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
Pass the kilogram mass around the classroom so that students can get some
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
,idea of the amount of mass in one kilogram. Mass and weight may be compared on the balance an
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
d scales.
zk
When discussing Section 1.6, ―Derived Units and Conversion Factors,‖ have class mem
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
bers guess the length of the instructor’s desk in metric and British units. Then have several stude
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
nts independently measure the length with the meter stick and yardstick. Compare the measurem
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ents in terms of significant figures and units. Compare the averages of the measurements and esti
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
mates. Convert the average metric measurement to British units, and vice versa, to practice conve
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
rsion factors and to see how the measurements compare.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
Various metric unit demonstrations are available from commercial sources.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ANSWERS TO MATCHING QUESTIONS zk zk zk
a. 15
zk z k z k b. 8 zk z k z k c. 10 d. 2 e. 19
zk z k z k zk zk z k zk z k z k f. 14 zk g. 21 zk h. 13 i. 18 zk zk j. 6 zk z k z k k. 11zk l. 3 zk m. 12 zk
n. 1 zk o. 9 zk
p. 4
zk z k z k q. 23 r. 17
zk zk s. 5 t. 20 u. 16 v. 22
zk zk z k z k zk zk w. 7 zk
ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS zk zk zk
1.c 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. b
zk zk zk zk 6. c 7. d 8. b 9. d 10. c 11. b
zk zk zk z k zk zk zk zk 12. b zk z k z k 13. a zk z k 14. b zk
ANSWERS TO FILL-IN-THE-BLANK QUESTIONS zk zk zk
1. biological
zk 2. hypothesis
zk 3. scientific method
zk zk 4. sight, hearing
zk zk 5. limitations
zk 6. less zk
7. longer
zk 8. fundamental
zk 9. time or second
zk zk zk 10. one-billion, 109
zk zk 11. liter zk
12. mass
zk 13. less zk
ANSWERS TO SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS zk zk zk
1. An organized body of knowledge about the natural universe by which knowledge is acquired
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
and tested. zk
2. Physics, chemistry, astronomy, meteorology, and geology.
zk zk zk zk zk
3. The 5 elements of scientific method are:
zk zk zk zk zk zk
1. Observations and Measurements, zk zk
2. Hypothesis,
3. Experiments,
4. Theory, and zk
5. Law.
4. Hypothesis
, 5. A law is a concise statement about a fundamental relationship of nature. A theory is a well-
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
zk tested explanation of a broad segment of natural phenomena.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
6. It illustrates the need to improve the standard of education among the general public and to
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
emphasize the importance of a well-developed scientific method.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
7. Sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.
zk zk zk zk zk
8. They have limitations and can be deceived, thus providing false information about our
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
environment.
9. (a) No. (b) Yes. (c) Lower line.
zk z k zk z k zk zk
10. A fixed and reproducible value.
zk zk zk zk
11. They are the most basic quantities of which we can think. And they are not dependent on
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
other physical quantities.zk zk
12. A group of standard units and their combinations.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
13. mile/hour
14. No, the United States is the only major country that has not gone completely metric.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
15. Kilogram, a platinum-iridium cylinder. zk zk zk
16. Mass. Weight varies with gravity. zk zk zk zk
17. Meter-kilogram-second, International System of Units, and centimeter-gram-second. zk zk zk zk zk zk
18. Base 10 easier to use (factors of 10).
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
19. kilo- (k), mega- (M), milli- (m), micro- (µ)
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
20. Mass of a cubic liter of water.
zk zk zk zk zk zk
21. kg/cubic meter. zk
22. Three fundamental quantities generally used are: Length(m), Mass(Kg), and
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
Time(s).
23. The compactness of matter.
zk zk zk
24. It is given a new name.
zk zk zk zk zk
25. No. An equation must be equal in magnitude and units.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
26. Yes. And it could be confused with ―meters‖ instead of ―miles.‖
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
27. To express measured numbers properly.
zk zk zk zk
28. The 3 rules for determining significant figures are:
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
1. Non-zero digits are always significant, zk zk zk zk
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
s A. Higgins, Bo Lou
zk zk zk zk
Chapter 1-24 zk
Chapter 1 zk
MEASUREMENT
Chapter 1 is important because all quantitative knowledge about our physical environment is
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
based on measurement. Some chapter sections have been reorganized and rewritten for clarity. T
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
he 1.2 Section, ―Scientific Investigation,‖ introduces the student to the procedures for scientific in
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
vestigation. Major terms such as experiment, law, hypothesis, theory and scientific method are in
z k zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
troduced. The idea that physical science deals with quantitative knowledge should be stressed. It
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
is not enough to know that a car is going ―fast‖; it is necessary to know how fast.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
A good understanding of units is of the utmost importance, particularly with the metric-
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
zk British use in the United States today. The metric SI is introduced and explained. Both the metric
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk z
k and the British systems are used in the book in the early chapters for familiarity. The instructor
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
may decide to do examples primarily in the metric system, but the student should get some practi
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ce in converting between the systems. This provides knowledge of the comparative size of simila
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
r units in the different systems and makes the student feel comfortable using what may be unfam
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
iliar metric units. The Highlight, ―Is Unit Conversion Important? It Sure Is,‖ illustrates the import
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ance of unit conversion. zk zk zk
The general theme of the chapter and the textbook is the students’ position in his or her
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
physical world. Show the students that they know about their environment and themselves throu
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
gh measurements. Measurements are involved in the answers to such questions as, How old are y
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ou? How much do you weigh? How tall are you? What is the normal body temperature?
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
How much money do you have? These and many other technical questions are resolved or answer
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ed by measurements and quantitative analyses.
zk zk zk zk zk
DEMONSTRATIONS
Have a meter stick, a yardstick, a timer, one or more kilogram masses, a one-
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
liter beaker or a liter soda container, a one-
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
quart container, and a balance or scales available on the instructor’s desk. Demonstrate the comp
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
arative units. The meter stick can be compared to the yardstick to show the difference between th
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
em, along with the subunits of inches and centimeters. The liter and quart also can be compared.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
Pass the kilogram mass around the classroom so that students can get some
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
,idea of the amount of mass in one kilogram. Mass and weight may be compared on the balance an
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
d scales.
zk
When discussing Section 1.6, ―Derived Units and Conversion Factors,‖ have class mem
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
bers guess the length of the instructor’s desk in metric and British units. Then have several stude
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
nts independently measure the length with the meter stick and yardstick. Compare the measurem
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ents in terms of significant figures and units. Compare the averages of the measurements and esti
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
mates. Convert the average metric measurement to British units, and vice versa, to practice conve
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
rsion factors and to see how the measurements compare.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
Various metric unit demonstrations are available from commercial sources.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
ANSWERS TO MATCHING QUESTIONS zk zk zk
a. 15
zk z k z k b. 8 zk z k z k c. 10 d. 2 e. 19
zk z k z k zk zk z k zk z k z k f. 14 zk g. 21 zk h. 13 i. 18 zk zk j. 6 zk z k z k k. 11zk l. 3 zk m. 12 zk
n. 1 zk o. 9 zk
p. 4
zk z k z k q. 23 r. 17
zk zk s. 5 t. 20 u. 16 v. 22
zk zk z k z k zk zk w. 7 zk
ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS zk zk zk
1.c 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. b
zk zk zk zk 6. c 7. d 8. b 9. d 10. c 11. b
zk zk zk z k zk zk zk zk 12. b zk z k z k 13. a zk z k 14. b zk
ANSWERS TO FILL-IN-THE-BLANK QUESTIONS zk zk zk
1. biological
zk 2. hypothesis
zk 3. scientific method
zk zk 4. sight, hearing
zk zk 5. limitations
zk 6. less zk
7. longer
zk 8. fundamental
zk 9. time or second
zk zk zk 10. one-billion, 109
zk zk 11. liter zk
12. mass
zk 13. less zk
ANSWERS TO SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS zk zk zk
1. An organized body of knowledge about the natural universe by which knowledge is acquired
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
and tested. zk
2. Physics, chemistry, astronomy, meteorology, and geology.
zk zk zk zk zk
3. The 5 elements of scientific method are:
zk zk zk zk zk zk
1. Observations and Measurements, zk zk
2. Hypothesis,
3. Experiments,
4. Theory, and zk
5. Law.
4. Hypothesis
, 5. A law is a concise statement about a fundamental relationship of nature. A theory is a well-
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
zk tested explanation of a broad segment of natural phenomena.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
6. It illustrates the need to improve the standard of education among the general public and to
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
emphasize the importance of a well-developed scientific method.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
7. Sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.
zk zk zk zk zk
8. They have limitations and can be deceived, thus providing false information about our
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
environment.
9. (a) No. (b) Yes. (c) Lower line.
zk z k zk z k zk zk
10. A fixed and reproducible value.
zk zk zk zk
11. They are the most basic quantities of which we can think. And they are not dependent on
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
other physical quantities.zk zk
12. A group of standard units and their combinations.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
13. mile/hour
14. No, the United States is the only major country that has not gone completely metric.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
15. Kilogram, a platinum-iridium cylinder. zk zk zk
16. Mass. Weight varies with gravity. zk zk zk zk
17. Meter-kilogram-second, International System of Units, and centimeter-gram-second. zk zk zk zk zk zk
18. Base 10 easier to use (factors of 10).
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
19. kilo- (k), mega- (M), milli- (m), micro- (µ)
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
20. Mass of a cubic liter of water.
zk zk zk zk zk zk
21. kg/cubic meter. zk
22. Three fundamental quantities generally used are: Length(m), Mass(Kg), and
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
Time(s).
23. The compactness of matter.
zk zk zk
24. It is given a new name.
zk zk zk zk zk
25. No. An equation must be equal in magnitude and units.
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
26. Yes. And it could be confused with ―meters‖ instead of ―miles.‖
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
27. To express measured numbers properly.
zk zk zk zk
28. The 3 rules for determining significant figures are:
zk zk zk zk zk zk zk
1. Non-zero digits are always significant, zk zk zk zk
