Solution Manual for
k k
Statistics for Nursing R
k k k
esearch A Workbookfo
k k k
r Evidence-
k
Based Practice 3rd Edit
k k k
ion Susan Grove Daish
k k k
a
, AnswerkGuidelineskforkQuestionsktokBekGraded
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels of k k k
1
k
Measurement: Nominal, Or k k
dinal, Interval, and Ratio
k k k
Thekquestionskarekinkboldkfollowedkbykanswers.
1. InkTablek1,kidentifyktheklevelkofkmeasurementkforkthekcurrentktherapykvariable.kProvid
ekakrationalekforkyourkanswer.
Answer:kThekcurrentktherapykvariablekwaskmeasuredkatktheknominalklevel.kThesekdrugkcatego
rieskwerekprobablykdevelopedktokbekexhaustivekforkthiskstudykandkincludedkthekcategorieskofkd
rugsktheksubjectskwerekreceiving.kHowever,kthekcategorieskareknotkexclusive,ksincekpatientskar
ekusuallykonkmorekthankonekcategorykofkthesekdrugsktokmanagektheirkhealthkproblems.kThekc
urrentktherapieskareknotkmeasuredkatkthekordinalklevelkbecausektheykcannotkbekrankkordered,ksi
nceknokdrugkcategorykcankbekconsideredkmorekorklesskbeneficialkthankanotherkdrugkcategoryk(
seekFigurek1-1;kGrovek&kGray,k2019).
2. Whatk isk thek modek fork thek currentk therapyk variablek ink thisk study?k Providek ak rationa
lek forkyourkanswer.
Answer:k Thek modek fork currentk therapyk wask βkblocker.k Ak totalk ofk 100k (94%)k ofk thek cardiack patients
werek receivingk thisk categoryk ofk drug,k whichk wask thek mostk commonk prescribedk drugk for
k thisksample.
3. WhatkstatisticskwerekconductedktokdescribekthekBMIkofkthekcardiackpatientskinkthisksa
mple?kDiscusskwhetherkthesekanalysisktechniqueskwerekappropriatekorkinappropriate.
Answer:k BMIk wask describedk withk ak meank andk standardk deviationk (SD).k BMIk measurementk resul
tedkinkratio-
levelkdatakwithkcontinuouskvalueskandkankabsolutekzerok(Stonek&kFrazier,k2017).kRatio-
klevelkdatakshouldkbekanalyzedkwithkparametrickstatisticsksuchkaskthekmeankandkSDk(Grovek&k
Gray,k2017;kKnapp,k2017).
4. Researcherskusedkthekfollowingkitemktokmeasurekregisteredknurses’k(RNs)kincomekinkakst
udy:kWhatkcategorykidentifieskyourkcurrentkincomekaskankRN?
a.k Lesskthank$50,000
b.k $50,000ktok59,999
c.k $60,000ktok69,999
d.k $70,000ktok80,000
e.k $80,000korkgreater
Whatk levelk ofk measurementk isk thisk incomek variable?k Doesk thek incomek variablek follow
k thekruleskoutlinedkinkFigurek1-1?kProvidekakrationalekforkyourkanswer.
Answer:k Ink thiskexample,k thekincomek variablek isk measuredk atk thek ordinalklevel.kThekincomekcate
go-
krieskarekexhaustive,krangingkfromklesskthank$50,000ktokgreaterkthank$80,000.kThektwokopen-
ended
AGk1-1
,AGk1-2 Answerk Guidelinesk fork Questionsk tok Bek Graded
categorieskensurekthatkallksalaryklevelskarekcovered.kThekcategorieskareknotkexclusive,ksincekcat
ego-
kriesk(d)kandk(e)kincludekank$80,000ksalary,ksokstudykparticipantskmakingk$80,000kmightkmar
kkeitherk (d)k ork (e)k ork bothk categories,k resultingk ink erroneousk data.k Categoryk (e)k couldk bek c
hangedktokgreaterkthank$80,000,kmakingkthekcategorieskexclusive.kThekcategorieskcankbekrank
korderedkfromktheklowest ksalaryktokthekhighestksalary,kwhichkiskconsistentkwithkordinalkdatak(
Grovek&kGray,k2019;kWaltzketkal.,k2017).
5. WhatklevelkofkmeasurementkiskthekCDSkscore?kProvidekakrationalekforkyourkanswer.
Answer:kThekCDSkscorekiskatkthekintervalklevelkofkmeasurement.kThekCDSkiskak26-
itemkLikertkscalekdevelopedktokmeasurekdepressionkinkcardiackpatients.kStudykparticipantskrat
edktheirksymp-
ktomskonkakscalekofk1ktok7,kwithkhigherknumberskindicatingkincreasedkseveritykinkthekdepress
ionksymptoms.kThektotalkscoreskforkeachksubjectkobtainedkfromkthiskmulti-
itemkscalekarekconsideredktokbekatkthekintervalklevelkofkmeasurementk(Grayketkal.,k2017;kWalt
zketkal.,k2017).
6. WereknonparametrickorkparametrickanalysisktechniqueskusedktokanalyzekthekCDSkscore
skforkthekcardiackpatientskinkthiskstudy?kProvidekakrationalekforkyourkanswer.
Answer:kParametrickstatistics,ksuchkask meank andk SD,k werek conductedk tok describek CDSk score
skforkstudykparticipantsk(seekTablek1).kCDSkscoreskarekinterval-
levelkdatakaskindicatedkinkQuestionsk5,ksokparametrickstatisticskarekappropriatekforkthisklevelkofkda
tak(Grayketkal.,k2017;kKimk&kMallory,k2017).
7. IskthekprevalencekofkdepressionklinkedktokthekNYHAkclass?kDiscusskthekclinicalkimport
ancekofkthiskresult.
Answer:kThekstudyknarrativekindicatedkthatkthekprevalencekofkdepressionkincreasedkwithkthek
greaterkNYHAkclass.kInkNYHAkclasskIII,k64%kofktheksubjectskwerekdepressed,kwhereask11%ko
fktheksubjectskwerekdepressedkinkNYHAkclasskI.kThus,kaskthekNYHAkclasskincreased,ktheknumber
kofksub-
kjectskwithkdepressionkincreased.kThiskiskankexpectedkfindingkbecausekaskthekNYHAkclasskincreas
es,kcardiackpatientskhavekmorekseverekphysicalksymptoms,kwhichkusuallykresultkinkemotionalkdi
stress,ksuchk ask depression.k Nursesk needk tok activelyk assessk cardiack patientsk fork depression,k espec
iallyk thosekinkhigherkNYHAkclasses,ksoktheykmightkbekdiagnosedkandktreatedkaskneeded.
8. Whatkfrequencykandkpercentkofkcardiackpatientskinkthiskstudykwereknotkbeingktreatedk
withkankantidepressant?kShowkyourkcalculationskandkroundkyourkanswerktokthekneares
tkwholekpercentk(%).
Answer:kAktotalkkofkk106kkcardiackkpatientskkparticipatedkkinkkthiskkstudy.kkThekksamplekkincl
udedk15kpatientskwhokwerekreceivingkankantidepressantk(seekTablek1).kThekknumberkkofkkcar
diackpatientsk notk treatedk fork depressionk wask 91k (106k –
k 15k =k 91).k Thek groupk percentk isk calculatedkbyk thek followingk formula:k (groupk frequencyk
÷k totalk samplek size)k ×k 100%.k Fork thisk study,k(91kpatientsk÷k106ksampleksize)k×k100%k
=k0.858k×k100%k=k85.8%k=k86%.kThekkfinalkanswerk isk roundedk tok thek nearestk wholek p
ercentk ask directedk ink thek question.k Youk couldk havekalsoksubtractedkthek14%kofkpatientsktre
atedkwithkantidepressantskfromk100%kandkobtainedkthek86%k whok werek notk treatedk withk ank a
ntidepressant.
9. Whatkwaskthekpurposekofkthek6-
minutekwalkktestk(6MWT)?kWouldkthek6MWTkbekusefulkinkclinicalkpractice?
Answer:kHaketkal.k(2018)kstated,k“Thek6-
minkwalkktestk(6MWT)kiskakmeasurekofktheksubmaximal,ksteady-
statekfunctionalkcapacity”kofkcardiackpatients.kThisktestkwouldkbekakquick,keasykwayktokdeter
minekakcardiackpatient’skfunctionalkstatuskinkakclinicalkksetting.kkThiskkfunctionalkkstatuskscor
ek couldk bek usedk tok determinek thek treatmentk plank tok promotek ork maintaink functionalk statusk
ofkcardiackpatients.
, Answerk Guidelinesk fork Questionsk tok Bek Graded AGk1-3
10. Howkwaskexercisekconfidencekmeasuredkinkthiskstudy?kWhatkwasktheklevelkofkmeasure
mentkforkthekexercisekconfidencekvariablekinkthiskstudy?kProvidekakrationalekforkyourk
answer.kAnswer:kExercisekconfidencekofkthekpatientskwithkheartkfailurek(HF)kinkthiskstudyk
waskmeasuredkwithkthekExercisekConfidencekScalekthatkincludedkfourksubscaleskfocusedkonk
walking,kclimbing,kliftingk objectsk ofk gradedk weight,k andk runningk (seek thek studyk narrative).k
Thisk wask ak ratingk scalekwithkvalueskrangingkfromk0ktok100.kThekpatients’kscoreskforkthekTot
alkExercisekConfidencekscalekandk thek subscalesk werek consideredk interval-
levelk datak andk analyzedk withk parametrick statistics,ksuchkaskmeanskandkSDsk(seekthekstudykna
rrative;kWaltzketkal.,k2017).
k k
Statistics for Nursing R
k k k
esearch A Workbookfo
k k k
r Evidence-
k
Based Practice 3rd Edit
k k k
ion Susan Grove Daish
k k k
a
, AnswerkGuidelineskforkQuestionsktokBekGraded
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels of k k k
1
k
Measurement: Nominal, Or k k
dinal, Interval, and Ratio
k k k
Thekquestionskarekinkboldkfollowedkbykanswers.
1. InkTablek1,kidentifyktheklevelkofkmeasurementkforkthekcurrentktherapykvariable.kProvid
ekakrationalekforkyourkanswer.
Answer:kThekcurrentktherapykvariablekwaskmeasuredkatktheknominalklevel.kThesekdrugkcatego
rieskwerekprobablykdevelopedktokbekexhaustivekforkthiskstudykandkincludedkthekcategorieskofkd
rugsktheksubjectskwerekreceiving.kHowever,kthekcategorieskareknotkexclusive,ksincekpatientskar
ekusuallykonkmorekthankonekcategorykofkthesekdrugsktokmanagektheirkhealthkproblems.kThekc
urrentktherapieskareknotkmeasuredkatkthekordinalklevelkbecausektheykcannotkbekrankkordered,ksi
nceknokdrugkcategorykcankbekconsideredkmorekorklesskbeneficialkthankanotherkdrugkcategoryk(
seekFigurek1-1;kGrovek&kGray,k2019).
2. Whatk isk thek modek fork thek currentk therapyk variablek ink thisk study?k Providek ak rationa
lek forkyourkanswer.
Answer:k Thek modek fork currentk therapyk wask βkblocker.k Ak totalk ofk 100k (94%)k ofk thek cardiack patients
werek receivingk thisk categoryk ofk drug,k whichk wask thek mostk commonk prescribedk drugk for
k thisksample.
3. WhatkstatisticskwerekconductedktokdescribekthekBMIkofkthekcardiackpatientskinkthisksa
mple?kDiscusskwhetherkthesekanalysisktechniqueskwerekappropriatekorkinappropriate.
Answer:k BMIk wask describedk withk ak meank andk standardk deviationk (SD).k BMIk measurementk resul
tedkinkratio-
levelkdatakwithkcontinuouskvalueskandkankabsolutekzerok(Stonek&kFrazier,k2017).kRatio-
klevelkdatakshouldkbekanalyzedkwithkparametrickstatisticsksuchkaskthekmeankandkSDk(Grovek&k
Gray,k2017;kKnapp,k2017).
4. Researcherskusedkthekfollowingkitemktokmeasurekregisteredknurses’k(RNs)kincomekinkakst
udy:kWhatkcategorykidentifieskyourkcurrentkincomekaskankRN?
a.k Lesskthank$50,000
b.k $50,000ktok59,999
c.k $60,000ktok69,999
d.k $70,000ktok80,000
e.k $80,000korkgreater
Whatk levelk ofk measurementk isk thisk incomek variable?k Doesk thek incomek variablek follow
k thekruleskoutlinedkinkFigurek1-1?kProvidekakrationalekforkyourkanswer.
Answer:k Ink thiskexample,k thekincomek variablek isk measuredk atk thek ordinalklevel.kThekincomekcate
go-
krieskarekexhaustive,krangingkfromklesskthank$50,000ktokgreaterkthank$80,000.kThektwokopen-
ended
AGk1-1
,AGk1-2 Answerk Guidelinesk fork Questionsk tok Bek Graded
categorieskensurekthatkallksalaryklevelskarekcovered.kThekcategorieskareknotkexclusive,ksincekcat
ego-
kriesk(d)kandk(e)kincludekank$80,000ksalary,ksokstudykparticipantskmakingk$80,000kmightkmar
kkeitherk (d)k ork (e)k ork bothk categories,k resultingk ink erroneousk data.k Categoryk (e)k couldk bek c
hangedktokgreaterkthank$80,000,kmakingkthekcategorieskexclusive.kThekcategorieskcankbekrank
korderedkfromktheklowest ksalaryktokthekhighestksalary,kwhichkiskconsistentkwithkordinalkdatak(
Grovek&kGray,k2019;kWaltzketkal.,k2017).
5. WhatklevelkofkmeasurementkiskthekCDSkscore?kProvidekakrationalekforkyourkanswer.
Answer:kThekCDSkscorekiskatkthekintervalklevelkofkmeasurement.kThekCDSkiskak26-
itemkLikertkscalekdevelopedktokmeasurekdepressionkinkcardiackpatients.kStudykparticipantskrat
edktheirksymp-
ktomskonkakscalekofk1ktok7,kwithkhigherknumberskindicatingkincreasedkseveritykinkthekdepress
ionksymptoms.kThektotalkscoreskforkeachksubjectkobtainedkfromkthiskmulti-
itemkscalekarekconsideredktokbekatkthekintervalklevelkofkmeasurementk(Grayketkal.,k2017;kWalt
zketkal.,k2017).
6. WereknonparametrickorkparametrickanalysisktechniqueskusedktokanalyzekthekCDSkscore
skforkthekcardiackpatientskinkthiskstudy?kProvidekakrationalekforkyourkanswer.
Answer:kParametrickstatistics,ksuchkask meank andk SD,k werek conductedk tok describek CDSk score
skforkstudykparticipantsk(seekTablek1).kCDSkscoreskarekinterval-
levelkdatakaskindicatedkinkQuestionsk5,ksokparametrickstatisticskarekappropriatekforkthisklevelkofkda
tak(Grayketkal.,k2017;kKimk&kMallory,k2017).
7. IskthekprevalencekofkdepressionklinkedktokthekNYHAkclass?kDiscusskthekclinicalkimport
ancekofkthiskresult.
Answer:kThekstudyknarrativekindicatedkthatkthekprevalencekofkdepressionkincreasedkwithkthek
greaterkNYHAkclass.kInkNYHAkclasskIII,k64%kofktheksubjectskwerekdepressed,kwhereask11%ko
fktheksubjectskwerekdepressedkinkNYHAkclasskI.kThus,kaskthekNYHAkclasskincreased,ktheknumber
kofksub-
kjectskwithkdepressionkincreased.kThiskiskankexpectedkfindingkbecausekaskthekNYHAkclasskincreas
es,kcardiackpatientskhavekmorekseverekphysicalksymptoms,kwhichkusuallykresultkinkemotionalkdi
stress,ksuchk ask depression.k Nursesk needk tok activelyk assessk cardiack patientsk fork depression,k espec
iallyk thosekinkhigherkNYHAkclasses,ksoktheykmightkbekdiagnosedkandktreatedkaskneeded.
8. Whatkfrequencykandkpercentkofkcardiackpatientskinkthiskstudykwereknotkbeingktreatedk
withkankantidepressant?kShowkyourkcalculationskandkroundkyourkanswerktokthekneares
tkwholekpercentk(%).
Answer:kAktotalkkofkk106kkcardiackkpatientskkparticipatedkkinkkthiskkstudy.kkThekksamplekkincl
udedk15kpatientskwhokwerekreceivingkankantidepressantk(seekTablek1).kThekknumberkkofkkcar
diackpatientsk notk treatedk fork depressionk wask 91k (106k –
k 15k =k 91).k Thek groupk percentk isk calculatedkbyk thek followingk formula:k (groupk frequencyk
÷k totalk samplek size)k ×k 100%.k Fork thisk study,k(91kpatientsk÷k106ksampleksize)k×k100%k
=k0.858k×k100%k=k85.8%k=k86%.kThekkfinalkanswerk isk roundedk tok thek nearestk wholek p
ercentk ask directedk ink thek question.k Youk couldk havekalsoksubtractedkthek14%kofkpatientsktre
atedkwithkantidepressantskfromk100%kandkobtainedkthek86%k whok werek notk treatedk withk ank a
ntidepressant.
9. Whatkwaskthekpurposekofkthek6-
minutekwalkktestk(6MWT)?kWouldkthek6MWTkbekusefulkinkclinicalkpractice?
Answer:kHaketkal.k(2018)kstated,k“Thek6-
minkwalkktestk(6MWT)kiskakmeasurekofktheksubmaximal,ksteady-
statekfunctionalkcapacity”kofkcardiackpatients.kThisktestkwouldkbekakquick,keasykwayktokdeter
minekakcardiackpatient’skfunctionalkstatuskinkakclinicalkksetting.kkThiskkfunctionalkkstatuskscor
ek couldk bek usedk tok determinek thek treatmentk plank tok promotek ork maintaink functionalk statusk
ofkcardiackpatients.
, Answerk Guidelinesk fork Questionsk tok Bek Graded AGk1-3
10. Howkwaskexercisekconfidencekmeasuredkinkthiskstudy?kWhatkwasktheklevelkofkmeasure
mentkforkthekexercisekconfidencekvariablekinkthiskstudy?kProvidekakrationalekforkyourk
answer.kAnswer:kExercisekconfidencekofkthekpatientskwithkheartkfailurek(HF)kinkthiskstudyk
waskmeasuredkwithkthekExercisekConfidencekScalekthatkincludedkfourksubscaleskfocusedkonk
walking,kclimbing,kliftingk objectsk ofk gradedk weight,k andk runningk (seek thek studyk narrative).k
Thisk wask ak ratingk scalekwithkvalueskrangingkfromk0ktok100.kThekpatients’kscoreskforkthekTot
alkExercisekConfidencekscalekandk thek subscalesk werek consideredk interval-
levelk datak andk analyzedk withk parametrick statistics,ksuchkaskmeanskandkSDsk(seekthekstudykna
rrative;kWaltzketkal.,k2017).
