SANS 410 CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
● OT. Answer: Operations Technology
● ICS. Answer: Industrial Control Systems
● Control System. Answer: * A device, or set of devices, that manages, commands, directs,
or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems * A device that can influence the "real
world" * A system that bridges cyber-to-physical Example: Thermostat in our homes
● Controller. Answer: Heart of a control system. The controller has the logic and makes the
decision. Interacts with a Process through Actuators and Sensors.
● Control Loop. Answer: Control loops manage a Process * Controller takes input from
Sensors * Controller sends output to Actuators * Actuators change the Process * Sensors
measure the Process
● Process. Answer: Examples of processes: * Manufacturing something * Maintaining the
water through Hoover Dam
● Actuator. Answer: When the Controller determines that it needs to make some kind of
change to a Process, it does so through an Actuator. Actuators change the real world.
● Sensor. Answer: The eyes and the ears of the Controller. Will measure different
measurements from the Process. Sensors will feed those measurements into the Controller.
● Supervisor. Answer: Different types of equipment for humans to be able to monitor what's
happening in the Controller
● Four Main ICS Process Models. Answer: * Discrete - Several different components that
create a product. Usually relies on boolean digital measurements (Product #) * Batch -
Several different components that we mix together as a single batch. Usually relies on analog
measurements (Batch #) * Continuous - Something that needs to keep going at all times (e.g.
electric grid) * Hybrid - Most of the time we aren't working at any of those first three
processes. What we are doing is much bigger and much more complex and can include many
from each model coming together.
● Purdue Level 4. Answer: Business Network (Not a control network)
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
● OT. Answer: Operations Technology
● ICS. Answer: Industrial Control Systems
● Control System. Answer: * A device, or set of devices, that manages, commands, directs,
or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems * A device that can influence the "real
world" * A system that bridges cyber-to-physical Example: Thermostat in our homes
● Controller. Answer: Heart of a control system. The controller has the logic and makes the
decision. Interacts with a Process through Actuators and Sensors.
● Control Loop. Answer: Control loops manage a Process * Controller takes input from
Sensors * Controller sends output to Actuators * Actuators change the Process * Sensors
measure the Process
● Process. Answer: Examples of processes: * Manufacturing something * Maintaining the
water through Hoover Dam
● Actuator. Answer: When the Controller determines that it needs to make some kind of
change to a Process, it does so through an Actuator. Actuators change the real world.
● Sensor. Answer: The eyes and the ears of the Controller. Will measure different
measurements from the Process. Sensors will feed those measurements into the Controller.
● Supervisor. Answer: Different types of equipment for humans to be able to monitor what's
happening in the Controller
● Four Main ICS Process Models. Answer: * Discrete - Several different components that
create a product. Usually relies on boolean digital measurements (Product #) * Batch -
Several different components that we mix together as a single batch. Usually relies on analog
measurements (Batch #) * Continuous - Something that needs to keep going at all times (e.g.
electric grid) * Hybrid - Most of the time we aren't working at any of those first three
processes. What we are doing is much bigger and much more complex and can include many
from each model coming together.
● Purdue Level 4. Answer: Business Network (Not a control network)
