Boards Part 1 - Pathology - Irene Gold Exam questions with precise answers

Boards Part 1 - Pathology - Irene Gold Exam questions
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with precise answers || ||




What tissue type and what pathologies does Calcification, metastatic cause? - ✔✔Calcium
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infiltration into *normal tissue*. || || || ||




E.g. hyper*vitamin D* ., hyper*parathyroidism*
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Calcification, dystrophic - ✔✔Calcium infiltration into abnormal/*damaged tissue*
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E.g. *atherosclerosis or atheroma*. Damage to tunica intima
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Caseous (cheese like) - ✔✔Combination of *ischemic* cell death & cell lysis.
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*Tuberculosis*, giant epithelial cell || || ||




Cloudy swelling - ✔✔*Albuminous*.
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- Membrane injured which effects *ionic transfer*
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AKA hydropic change
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cloudy swelling is *reversible*
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Coagulation - ✔✔*Infarction* (MI), blood vessels
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*zymogen*

,Enzymatic - ✔✔pancreas || ||




Fatty - ✔✔1. Liver, aka *nutmeg liver*
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2. Heart, aka *tabby cat heart*
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3. fatty dot > fatty streak > *atheroma (fatty plaque)* > fibroatheroma (fibrous tissue,
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calcium)



Liquefaction - ✔✔CNS: || || ||




- brain melts,
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- *tertiary syphilis*,
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- *leprosy* = *aka Hansens disease*
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Skin: (if from infection)
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- *tabes dorsalis*
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Wallerian - ✔✔*Peripheral nerves*. || || || ||




Degenerates to the next node of ranvier. "dying back phenomenon"
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Zenker's (waxy) - ✔✔Hyaline. Most common in *skeletal* muscle.
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*Muscle replaced with hyaline* || || ||




Degeneration of nucleus... - ✔✔cell must die || || || || || ||

,Karyo = nucleus
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Karyo*lysis* - ✔✔nuclear *fading*/rupture (*DNA breakdown: irreversible*)
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Karyo*rrhexis* - ✔✔Nuclear *swelling* (chromattin fragmentation) || || || || ||




Pyknosis - ✔✔Nuclear *condensation*
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AKA karyopyknosis
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*= prolonged cell death with apoptosis*
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Developmental changes... - ✔✔ || || ||




Agenesis - ✔✔*absence* of an organ (usually pair organ)
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Aplasia - ✔✔*Small remnants* of the organ present (lack of development)
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Hypoplasia - ✔✔*tiny organ* -- defective || || || || ||




Disturbances of growth... - ✔✔ || || || ||




Atrophy - ✔✔Decrease in size (disuse atrophy). seen mostly in muscle
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Hypertrophy - ✔✔Increase in size (E.g. muscle exercise)
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Hyperplasia - ✔✔Increase in number of *cells* || || || || || ||

, || (e.g. *pregnant uterus, goiter, callous*)
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Metaplasia - ✔✔Changes from *one cell type to another*.
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E.g. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PCCE) changing into stratified
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squamous in lungs of smokers. || || || || ||




GERD > Baretts || ||




also is the last reversible stage before cancer
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Dysplasia - ✔✔Change in *size, shape or function* of a cell.
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most importantly know dysplasia = *Precancerous*
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Anaplasia - ✔✔Complete *disorganization* of a cell (cancer)
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E.g. squamous cell carcinoma
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Collagen types... - ✔✔ || || ||




Type 1 collagen - ✔✔Bone, muscle, tendons & ligaments, annulus fibrosis
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Type 2 collagen - ✔✔Disc (specifically nucleus pulposis), notochord
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