Advanced Pathophysiology NR507 Final Exam Prep |
Study Guide | Latest Update 2026 | Graded A+
1. Describe how environmental factors may influence the risk of developing multiple
sclerosis.
Environmental factors such as vitamin D deficiency and exposure to certain
viruses may increase the risk of developing multiple sclerosis.
Environmental factors only affect the severity of multiple sclerosis, not the risk.
Environmental factors are irrelevant to the development of neurological
disorders.
Environmental factors have no impact on the risk of multiple sclerosis.
2. What are the two primary characteristics of Graves' disease?
Hyperthyroidism and goiter
Fatigue and hair loss
Hypothyroidism and weight gain
Increased appetite and insomnia
3. If a patient presents with severe throbbing pain on one side of the head and
sensitivity to light, what condition might they be experiencing?
Sinus headache
Cluster headache
Migraine headache
Tension-type headache
,4. Hypercalcemia can lead to all of the following complications EXCEPT:
Gastrointestinal symptoms like constipation
Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis)
Increased bone density and reduced fracture risk
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Dehydration due to polyuria
5. In Acute Kidney Injury, Prerenal occurs. What happens during Prerenal?
Your blood pressure drops and there is not enough to go to the kidneys.
Obstruction in ureters, bladder or urethra.
Damage to the kidneys by inflammation or bad medication.
An increase in calcium intestine.
6. What type of stones are rare and associated with a genetic disorder and found in
young boys with kidney stones?
uric acid stones cystine calcium
oxalate magnesium phosphate
(struvite)
7. What is the GFR range that indicates stage 4 chronic kidney disease
(CKD)?
15 to 29
60 to 89
45 to 59
, 30 to 44
8. Clinical Presentation of bacterial meningitis includes:
Headache
Nuchal rigidity
Impaired consciousness
Fever
All of these
9. If a patient with Graves' disease presents with symptoms of eye bulging and vision
changes, what would be the most appropriate next step in management?
Immediately start corticosteroid therapy without further evaluation.
Evaluate for the type of ophthalmopathy and consider referral to an
ophthalmologist.
Advise the patient to monitor symptoms without intervention.
Schedule a follow-up appointment in six months.
10. The following are common signs and symptoms of Cushing syndrome EXCEPT:
Hypoglycemia
Muscle weakness
Amenorrhea
Mood changes
, 11. What is the GFR range that indicates stage 3 chronic kidney disease
(CKD)? 90 or above
60 to 89
15 to 29
30 to 59
12. What medical condition is Kernig's sign primarily associated with?
Hyperthyroidism
Kidney stones
Meningitis
Chronic kidney disease
13. What is the primary cause of pre-renal injury in the kidneys?
Obstruction of urine flow
Decreased blood flow to the kidneys
Direct damage to kidney tissue
Infection of the kidneys
14. The most useful test to differentiate pre-renal from intra-renal causes of kidney
failure is ___
Fractional excretion of sodium serum
osmolality
24 hour urine for protein Blood
urea Nitrogen level
Study Guide | Latest Update 2026 | Graded A+
1. Describe how environmental factors may influence the risk of developing multiple
sclerosis.
Environmental factors such as vitamin D deficiency and exposure to certain
viruses may increase the risk of developing multiple sclerosis.
Environmental factors only affect the severity of multiple sclerosis, not the risk.
Environmental factors are irrelevant to the development of neurological
disorders.
Environmental factors have no impact on the risk of multiple sclerosis.
2. What are the two primary characteristics of Graves' disease?
Hyperthyroidism and goiter
Fatigue and hair loss
Hypothyroidism and weight gain
Increased appetite and insomnia
3. If a patient presents with severe throbbing pain on one side of the head and
sensitivity to light, what condition might they be experiencing?
Sinus headache
Cluster headache
Migraine headache
Tension-type headache
,4. Hypercalcemia can lead to all of the following complications EXCEPT:
Gastrointestinal symptoms like constipation
Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis)
Increased bone density and reduced fracture risk
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Dehydration due to polyuria
5. In Acute Kidney Injury, Prerenal occurs. What happens during Prerenal?
Your blood pressure drops and there is not enough to go to the kidneys.
Obstruction in ureters, bladder or urethra.
Damage to the kidneys by inflammation or bad medication.
An increase in calcium intestine.
6. What type of stones are rare and associated with a genetic disorder and found in
young boys with kidney stones?
uric acid stones cystine calcium
oxalate magnesium phosphate
(struvite)
7. What is the GFR range that indicates stage 4 chronic kidney disease
(CKD)?
15 to 29
60 to 89
45 to 59
, 30 to 44
8. Clinical Presentation of bacterial meningitis includes:
Headache
Nuchal rigidity
Impaired consciousness
Fever
All of these
9. If a patient with Graves' disease presents with symptoms of eye bulging and vision
changes, what would be the most appropriate next step in management?
Immediately start corticosteroid therapy without further evaluation.
Evaluate for the type of ophthalmopathy and consider referral to an
ophthalmologist.
Advise the patient to monitor symptoms without intervention.
Schedule a follow-up appointment in six months.
10. The following are common signs and symptoms of Cushing syndrome EXCEPT:
Hypoglycemia
Muscle weakness
Amenorrhea
Mood changes
, 11. What is the GFR range that indicates stage 3 chronic kidney disease
(CKD)? 90 or above
60 to 89
15 to 29
30 to 59
12. What medical condition is Kernig's sign primarily associated with?
Hyperthyroidism
Kidney stones
Meningitis
Chronic kidney disease
13. What is the primary cause of pre-renal injury in the kidneys?
Obstruction of urine flow
Decreased blood flow to the kidneys
Direct damage to kidney tissue
Infection of the kidneys
14. The most useful test to differentiate pre-renal from intra-renal causes of kidney
failure is ___
Fractional excretion of sodium serum
osmolality
24 hour urine for protein Blood
urea Nitrogen level
