Pathophysiology EXAM 3
(Latest 2025-2026 Edition) 100% Verified Q&A + Answer
150+
Key Solutions
VERIFIED ANSWERS
Question 1
Epidemiology of cancer
Correct Answer
-2nd leading cause of death
- age is most significant risk factor
-male: prostate
-female: breasts
-together: lung
- Birth-39 (m:1-72, F: 1-52)
- 40-59 (M:1-12, F:1-11)
- 60-79 (M:1-3, F:1-5)
Question 2
tumor
Correct Answer
-mass of cells from overgrowth
-swelling that can be due to inflammation, trauma, or other conditions
- solid and firm (not a fluid filled cyst)
Question 3
neoplasma
Correct Answer
- don't obey the laws of normal cell growth
-excessive growth
-uncoordinated growth
no benefit to host
-doesn't have to be in tumor form- can be blood cancer
- BENIGN OR MALIGNANT
-only malignant are cancer
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,Question 4
benign
Correct Answer
-non cancerous
- well differentiated= ressemble tissue of origin
-localized, cohesive, well-demarcated from local tissue
-do not travel
-grow slowly
-grow by expansion
-less threats to host survival (may alter function like- can compress vessels and organs and can produce hormones)
-fibrous capsule: rim of compressed connective tissue (aids in surgical removal)
Question 5
malignant
Correct Answer
- cancerous
- cancer: a disease in which some of the body's cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body
- cells detach and spread to other parts of body: metastisize (lack adhesion to tumor mass and break away easily, travel
through blood or lymph)
-poorly differentiated
-uncoordinated growth without regulatory oversight
-invasive, destructive to surrounding tissue (secret hormones, release enzymes and toxins, stimulate inflammatory
response)
- grow rapidly, spread widely
- solid tumors
- hematologic cancers (lymphoma, leukemia, myeloma)
Question 6
benign tumors
Correct Answer
adenoma- lining of glandular tissue or organ
lipoma- tumor from fat cells
hemangioma- collection of blood vessels under skin or internal organ
desmoid- occur in connective tissue
nevi- moles on skin
myoma- muscle
osteoma- bone
chondroma- cartilage
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,Question 7
malignant tumors
Correct Answer
carcinoma- malignant epithelial cells
adenocarcinoma- glandular or ductal tissue
sarcoma- connective tissue, cartilage, bone
osteosarcoma- malignant bone cancer
chondrosarcoma- malignant cartilage tumor
leukemia: cancer or leukocytes
lymphoma: cancer in lymphocytes in lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue
Question 8
cancer
Correct Answer
-Abnormal mass of cells that grow in an uncoordinated manner and proliferate independently at a greater rate than
normal cells and spread into other areas of the body
Question 9
anaplasia
Correct Answer
- loss of cell differentiation
-cells are non-uniform in architecture, disorganized, misshapen
-the closure tumor cells resemble normal tissue, the lower the grade of cancer
-this state is not reversible
Question 10
loss of contact inhibition
Correct Answer
- contact ingibiton is lost with cancer cells
- normal cells will stop growing when in contact with other cells
- loss of contact inhibition, grow without regard for adjacent tissue
-do not respond to cell-to-cell communications
Question 11
unstable genetically
Correct Answer
- often considered a hallmark of cancer
-uncorrected mutations are rare in normal cells
-cancer cells have a "mutation phenotype"- each tumore has many different chromosomal alterations in each malignant
cell
- aneuploidy: chromosomes are lost or gained
-intrachromosomal instability: insertion, deletion, amplification, point mutations
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, Question 12
growth factor independence
Correct Answer
- proliferate is absence of growth factors
Question 13
anchorage independence
Correct Answer
- normal cells are anchored to other cells or the underlying extracellular matrix (anchorage dependance)
-cancer cells are without normal attachments to other cells and the extracellular matrix. continue to remain viable and
multiply
Question 14
unlimited life span: high telomerase, immortality
Correct Answer
- retain a high level of telomerase, an enzyme that prevents telomere shortening
-able to divide an infinite number of times
high telomerase levels keep telomeres from aging and shortening
-allows cell replication to continue
Question 15
antigen expression
Correct Answer
- express antigens recognize as a foreign by body
-may express fetal antigens that are not comparable to other adult cells
- useful for markers to indicate cancer presence or recurrence (tumor markers)
Question 16
production of enzymes, hormones, other substances
Correct Answer
- produce substances that tissue of origin does not produce: or produce what the cell produces but in lesser amounts
- degradative enzymes that enable invasion and metastatic spread
-may produce hormones
-may produce procoagulants that affect clotting
Question 17
cancer actions- compete with normal cells
Correct Answer
- compared to parasite
-secrete abnormal proteins, hormones, invasive enzymes, and growth factors
- compete for: space, blood supply, oxygen, nutrition
Trusted by thousands of students and professionals worldwide Page 4 of 57
(Latest 2025-2026 Edition) 100% Verified Q&A + Answer
150+
Key Solutions
VERIFIED ANSWERS
Question 1
Epidemiology of cancer
Correct Answer
-2nd leading cause of death
- age is most significant risk factor
-male: prostate
-female: breasts
-together: lung
- Birth-39 (m:1-72, F: 1-52)
- 40-59 (M:1-12, F:1-11)
- 60-79 (M:1-3, F:1-5)
Question 2
tumor
Correct Answer
-mass of cells from overgrowth
-swelling that can be due to inflammation, trauma, or other conditions
- solid and firm (not a fluid filled cyst)
Question 3
neoplasma
Correct Answer
- don't obey the laws of normal cell growth
-excessive growth
-uncoordinated growth
no benefit to host
-doesn't have to be in tumor form- can be blood cancer
- BENIGN OR MALIGNANT
-only malignant are cancer
Trusted by thousands of students and professionals worldwide Page 1 of 57
,Question 4
benign
Correct Answer
-non cancerous
- well differentiated= ressemble tissue of origin
-localized, cohesive, well-demarcated from local tissue
-do not travel
-grow slowly
-grow by expansion
-less threats to host survival (may alter function like- can compress vessels and organs and can produce hormones)
-fibrous capsule: rim of compressed connective tissue (aids in surgical removal)
Question 5
malignant
Correct Answer
- cancerous
- cancer: a disease in which some of the body's cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body
- cells detach and spread to other parts of body: metastisize (lack adhesion to tumor mass and break away easily, travel
through blood or lymph)
-poorly differentiated
-uncoordinated growth without regulatory oversight
-invasive, destructive to surrounding tissue (secret hormones, release enzymes and toxins, stimulate inflammatory
response)
- grow rapidly, spread widely
- solid tumors
- hematologic cancers (lymphoma, leukemia, myeloma)
Question 6
benign tumors
Correct Answer
adenoma- lining of glandular tissue or organ
lipoma- tumor from fat cells
hemangioma- collection of blood vessels under skin or internal organ
desmoid- occur in connective tissue
nevi- moles on skin
myoma- muscle
osteoma- bone
chondroma- cartilage
Trusted by thousands of students and professionals worldwide Page 2 of 57
,Question 7
malignant tumors
Correct Answer
carcinoma- malignant epithelial cells
adenocarcinoma- glandular or ductal tissue
sarcoma- connective tissue, cartilage, bone
osteosarcoma- malignant bone cancer
chondrosarcoma- malignant cartilage tumor
leukemia: cancer or leukocytes
lymphoma: cancer in lymphocytes in lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue
Question 8
cancer
Correct Answer
-Abnormal mass of cells that grow in an uncoordinated manner and proliferate independently at a greater rate than
normal cells and spread into other areas of the body
Question 9
anaplasia
Correct Answer
- loss of cell differentiation
-cells are non-uniform in architecture, disorganized, misshapen
-the closure tumor cells resemble normal tissue, the lower the grade of cancer
-this state is not reversible
Question 10
loss of contact inhibition
Correct Answer
- contact ingibiton is lost with cancer cells
- normal cells will stop growing when in contact with other cells
- loss of contact inhibition, grow without regard for adjacent tissue
-do not respond to cell-to-cell communications
Question 11
unstable genetically
Correct Answer
- often considered a hallmark of cancer
-uncorrected mutations are rare in normal cells
-cancer cells have a "mutation phenotype"- each tumore has many different chromosomal alterations in each malignant
cell
- aneuploidy: chromosomes are lost or gained
-intrachromosomal instability: insertion, deletion, amplification, point mutations
Trusted by thousands of students and professionals worldwide Page 3 of 57
, Question 12
growth factor independence
Correct Answer
- proliferate is absence of growth factors
Question 13
anchorage independence
Correct Answer
- normal cells are anchored to other cells or the underlying extracellular matrix (anchorage dependance)
-cancer cells are without normal attachments to other cells and the extracellular matrix. continue to remain viable and
multiply
Question 14
unlimited life span: high telomerase, immortality
Correct Answer
- retain a high level of telomerase, an enzyme that prevents telomere shortening
-able to divide an infinite number of times
high telomerase levels keep telomeres from aging and shortening
-allows cell replication to continue
Question 15
antigen expression
Correct Answer
- express antigens recognize as a foreign by body
-may express fetal antigens that are not comparable to other adult cells
- useful for markers to indicate cancer presence or recurrence (tumor markers)
Question 16
production of enzymes, hormones, other substances
Correct Answer
- produce substances that tissue of origin does not produce: or produce what the cell produces but in lesser amounts
- degradative enzymes that enable invasion and metastatic spread
-may produce hormones
-may produce procoagulants that affect clotting
Question 17
cancer actions- compete with normal cells
Correct Answer
- compared to parasite
-secrete abnormal proteins, hormones, invasive enzymes, and growth factors
- compete for: space, blood supply, oxygen, nutrition
Trusted by thousands of students and professionals worldwide Page 4 of 57
