1|Page
ACVPM Epidemiology and Biostats Actual Verified
Exam Newest With Complete Questions And Correct
Detailed Answers|| Newest Exam!!!!
Define epidemiology - Answer-largely concerned with
disease prevention and therefore with the succession of
events which result in the exposure of specific types of
individual to specific types of environment.
Epidemiologists ID exposures and evaluate associations
with health, welfare, productivity and other outcomes of
interest
how do you handle intervening variables in causal
diagrams to estimate causal-effect? - Answer-you do not
include them in statistical model (include only
confounders)
what are Hill's criteria for causation? - Answer-1)
temporality 2) strength of association 3) consistency 4)
biological plausibility 5) dose-response 6) specificity 7)
analogy 8) experimental evidence
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how do screening and diagnostic tests vary? - Answer-
screening: tests to be used in healthy animals (detect
prevalence, disease agents)
diagnostic: confirm or classify dz, guide tx or aid in
prognosis of clinical dz (abnormal animals/challenge to ID
specific dz)
NOTE: principles of evaluation/interpretation are the same
for both tests
define analytic sensitivity and specificity - Answer-
sensitivity: detect chemical at the lowest concentration the
test can detected
specificity: capacity of a test to react to only one chemical
compound
define laboratory accuracy and precision - Answer-
accuracy: ability to give a true measure of chemical
precision: relates to consistency of the results
define lab repeatability, reproducibility, reliability and
agreement - Answer-repeatability: variability among results
obtained from repeated testing of same sample within
same lab
,3|Page
reproducibility: variability among test results obtained from
testing same sample from different labs
reliability: refers to ability of a test to distinguish between
individuals
agreement: how well 2 tests agree (measured similarly to
precision)
what are commonly used techniques for quantifying
variability between pairs of test results (precision)? -
Answer-1) coefficient of variation 2) Pearson correlation
coefficient 3) concordance correlation coefficient 4) limits
of agreement plots 5) Intraclass correlation coefficient
which one is recommended Pearson correlation coeff or
concordance correlation coeff for measuring linear
associations between tests and why? - Answer-
Concordance because Pearson ignores the scales of the 2
sets of results
what two values determine the product of concordance
correlation coefficient? - Answer-accuracy parameter and
pearson correlation coefficient (value of 1 indicates perfect
agreement)
, 4|Page
when do you use Cohen's kappa (range 0 to 1)? - Answer-
to measure level of agreement between 2 or more sets of
test results with qualitative outcomes
What stat test should you first do prior to determining
agreement between two tests and why? - Answer-
McNemar's chi square test to test if significant exists
between test results because if there is significance no
reason to quantify level of agreement
what is the major difference between epidemiologists and
laboratory scientists? - Answer-epidemiologists study
health and disease outcomes in the real world (under field
conditions)
what is the primary study design of epidemiology -
Answer-observational
define inductive reasoning - Answer-process of making
generalized inferences about causation based on
repeated observations
define deductive reasoning - Answer-process of inferring
general law of nature exists and has application in specific
ACVPM Epidemiology and Biostats Actual Verified
Exam Newest With Complete Questions And Correct
Detailed Answers|| Newest Exam!!!!
Define epidemiology - Answer-largely concerned with
disease prevention and therefore with the succession of
events which result in the exposure of specific types of
individual to specific types of environment.
Epidemiologists ID exposures and evaluate associations
with health, welfare, productivity and other outcomes of
interest
how do you handle intervening variables in causal
diagrams to estimate causal-effect? - Answer-you do not
include them in statistical model (include only
confounders)
what are Hill's criteria for causation? - Answer-1)
temporality 2) strength of association 3) consistency 4)
biological plausibility 5) dose-response 6) specificity 7)
analogy 8) experimental evidence
,2|Page
how do screening and diagnostic tests vary? - Answer-
screening: tests to be used in healthy animals (detect
prevalence, disease agents)
diagnostic: confirm or classify dz, guide tx or aid in
prognosis of clinical dz (abnormal animals/challenge to ID
specific dz)
NOTE: principles of evaluation/interpretation are the same
for both tests
define analytic sensitivity and specificity - Answer-
sensitivity: detect chemical at the lowest concentration the
test can detected
specificity: capacity of a test to react to only one chemical
compound
define laboratory accuracy and precision - Answer-
accuracy: ability to give a true measure of chemical
precision: relates to consistency of the results
define lab repeatability, reproducibility, reliability and
agreement - Answer-repeatability: variability among results
obtained from repeated testing of same sample within
same lab
,3|Page
reproducibility: variability among test results obtained from
testing same sample from different labs
reliability: refers to ability of a test to distinguish between
individuals
agreement: how well 2 tests agree (measured similarly to
precision)
what are commonly used techniques for quantifying
variability between pairs of test results (precision)? -
Answer-1) coefficient of variation 2) Pearson correlation
coefficient 3) concordance correlation coefficient 4) limits
of agreement plots 5) Intraclass correlation coefficient
which one is recommended Pearson correlation coeff or
concordance correlation coeff for measuring linear
associations between tests and why? - Answer-
Concordance because Pearson ignores the scales of the 2
sets of results
what two values determine the product of concordance
correlation coefficient? - Answer-accuracy parameter and
pearson correlation coefficient (value of 1 indicates perfect
agreement)
, 4|Page
when do you use Cohen's kappa (range 0 to 1)? - Answer-
to measure level of agreement between 2 or more sets of
test results with qualitative outcomes
What stat test should you first do prior to determining
agreement between two tests and why? - Answer-
McNemar's chi square test to test if significant exists
between test results because if there is significance no
reason to quantify level of agreement
what is the major difference between epidemiologists and
laboratory scientists? - Answer-epidemiologists study
health and disease outcomes in the real world (under field
conditions)
what is the primary study design of epidemiology -
Answer-observational
define inductive reasoning - Answer-process of making
generalized inferences about causation based on
repeated observations
define deductive reasoning - Answer-process of inferring
general law of nature exists and has application in specific
