NURS 5366 ASSIGNMENT 3 RELIABILITY
AND VALIDITY IN RESEARCH
INSTRUMENTS ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
⩥ descriptive Statistics. Answer: computed to reveal characteristics of
the sample and to describe study variable
⩥ How to describe a sample. Answer: create a frequency distribution of
the variable or variable being studied
- is a plot of one variable, whereby the x-axis consists of possible values
of that variable , and the y - axis is tally of each value
⩥ Inferential Statistics. Answer: computed to draw conclusions and
make inferences about the greater population, based on the sample data
set.
⩥ Bi Modal. Answer: having or providing two modes, ,methods,
systems, etc.
-having 2 values/categories that have highest occurrence and are equal
frequencies
,⩥ Central Tendency. Answer: indicator of center of data
-nominal variable= categorical differences EX: gender (tendency of
samples of given measurement to cluster around some central value.
Measures of Central tendency are descriptive statistics.
Statistics represent measures of central tendency are mean, median and
mode (all are representations or descriptions of the center or middle of a
frequency distribution
mean= arithmetic average of all of the values of a variable.
median= exact middle value ( or average of the middle two values if
there is an even number of observations)
mode= most commonly occurring value in a data set. can have more
than one mode in a sample.
in a normal curve, mean, median and mode are equal or approximately
equal
⩥ Multimodal. Answer: having more than 2 modes
⩥ Unimodal. Answer: When distribution only has one mode
-the frequencies progressively decline as they move away from the
mode. Symmetrical distributions are usually uni modal.
⩥ bimodal. Answer: means you have not defined your population if you
find a bimodal
, ⩥ Mode. Answer: most frequently occurring measure (value or category)
in (distribution) data
⩥ Mean. Answer: called location parameter
most frequent central tendency but requires interval and ratio data
-sum of values divided by total # of observations
⩥ Median. Answer: for ordinal, interval and ratio data, value in middle
when you line up all measured values in order from least to most, 50th
percentile value.
-data that is rank ordered (ordinal, interval and ratio)
has second measure of central tendencies :median
⩥ Range. Answer: difference between maximum value and minimum
value of variable in distribution
⩥ probability. Answer: chance that particular outcome will occur after an
event
**long-run relative frequency EX: dice/100 rolls
⩥ Standard Deviation. Answer: average distance of values from variable
mean. Large SD = spreading among variable in data set is large.
FORMULA :
AND VALIDITY IN RESEARCH
INSTRUMENTS ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
⩥ descriptive Statistics. Answer: computed to reveal characteristics of
the sample and to describe study variable
⩥ How to describe a sample. Answer: create a frequency distribution of
the variable or variable being studied
- is a plot of one variable, whereby the x-axis consists of possible values
of that variable , and the y - axis is tally of each value
⩥ Inferential Statistics. Answer: computed to draw conclusions and
make inferences about the greater population, based on the sample data
set.
⩥ Bi Modal. Answer: having or providing two modes, ,methods,
systems, etc.
-having 2 values/categories that have highest occurrence and are equal
frequencies
,⩥ Central Tendency. Answer: indicator of center of data
-nominal variable= categorical differences EX: gender (tendency of
samples of given measurement to cluster around some central value.
Measures of Central tendency are descriptive statistics.
Statistics represent measures of central tendency are mean, median and
mode (all are representations or descriptions of the center or middle of a
frequency distribution
mean= arithmetic average of all of the values of a variable.
median= exact middle value ( or average of the middle two values if
there is an even number of observations)
mode= most commonly occurring value in a data set. can have more
than one mode in a sample.
in a normal curve, mean, median and mode are equal or approximately
equal
⩥ Multimodal. Answer: having more than 2 modes
⩥ Unimodal. Answer: When distribution only has one mode
-the frequencies progressively decline as they move away from the
mode. Symmetrical distributions are usually uni modal.
⩥ bimodal. Answer: means you have not defined your population if you
find a bimodal
, ⩥ Mode. Answer: most frequently occurring measure (value or category)
in (distribution) data
⩥ Mean. Answer: called location parameter
most frequent central tendency but requires interval and ratio data
-sum of values divided by total # of observations
⩥ Median. Answer: for ordinal, interval and ratio data, value in middle
when you line up all measured values in order from least to most, 50th
percentile value.
-data that is rank ordered (ordinal, interval and ratio)
has second measure of central tendencies :median
⩥ Range. Answer: difference between maximum value and minimum
value of variable in distribution
⩥ probability. Answer: chance that particular outcome will occur after an
event
**long-run relative frequency EX: dice/100 rolls
⩥ Standard Deviation. Answer: average distance of values from variable
mean. Large SD = spreading among variable in data set is large.
FORMULA :
