Chronic Kidney Disease, Urinary Incontinence, and Renal & Bladder
Neoplasm Assessment – Diabetic Nephropathy, Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis,
Glomerulopathies, Tubulointerstitial Disorders, Vascular & Low-Flow Renal
Injuries, Polycystic & Hereditary Kidney Diseases, ESRD Progression, GFR
& Albuminuria Staging, CKD Complications, RAAS Inhibition, SGLT-2
Therapy, Anemia Management, Bone Mineral Disorders, Electrolyte
Imbalances, Hypertension Control, Proteinuria, Overactive Bladder, Stress &
Overflow Incontinence, Functional Urinary Impairment, Kegel
Rehabilitation, Anticholinergic & Beta-3 Agonist Therapy, Alpha-1 Blockers,
Transitional Cell Carcinoma, Papillary vs Nonpapillary Bladder Tumors,
Renal Cell Carcinoma, Diagnostic Imaging, Cystoscopy, Biopsy, Cytology,
Surveillance & Pharmacologic Interventions Exam Questions Verified and
Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
CKD
Progressive loss of functioning nephrons, may lead to end stage renal disease (ESRD)
Kidney damage > 3 months...
Abnormal structure by imaging
Abnormal function by urine/bloodwork, with implications for health or
GFR < 60ml/min/1.73 m2
Chronic kidney disease
DM and HTN cause about 70% of ESRD cases
African Americans are 3.9 times more likely to have ESRD
HIV-associated nephropathy may soon be the third leading cause
Men are 1.3 to 1.4 times more likely than women to have ESRD
CKD causes
Diabetes (54%)
,Hypertension (33%)
Renal artery stenosis and chronic ischemic disorders (20%)
Glomerulonephritis (8.5%)
Interstitial nephritis(3.6%)
Cystic Kidney Disease (3.5%)
Collagen Vascular Disease (2.2%)
Analgesic overuse, cigarette smoking
CKD patho
•Diabetic kidney disease:
Hyperglycemia leads to alterations in tubuloglomerular feedback, abnormalities in polyol metabolism
and formation of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) in tissues.
Defects in glomerular cellular metabolism lead to hemodynamic changes in the kidney. Glomerular HTN
and hyper infiltration. Leads to proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis and destruction of nephrons. Glomerulus
becomes a fibrous scar that can no longer function.
•Hypertensive kidney disease:
renal arteries become thickened while the lumens become narrowed, resulting in decreased renal flow
and autoregulation
CKD: glomerular causes
Lupus or vasculitis
Hepatitis or HIV
Endocarditis
Amyloidosis
Medications - Lithium
Prot:cr ratio is high
Examples of systemic diseases or conditions affecting the kidney: DM, systemic autoimmune diseases,
systemic infections, drugs, neoplasia
, Examples of primary kidney diseases (absence of systemic diseases affecting the kidney): diffuse, focal or
cresentic proliferative glomerulonephritis, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous
nephropathy, minimal change disease
CKD: tubulointerstitial causes
Myeloma
Pylenephritis
Obstruction: BPH, tumor
Chronic reflux
Sarcoidosis
Examples of systemic diseases or conditions affecting the kidney: systemic infections, autoimmune,
sarcoidosis, drugs, urate, environment toxins (lead, aristolochic acid), neoplasia (myeloma)
Examples of primary kidney diseases (absence of systemic diseases affecting the kidney): UTIs, stones,
obstruction
CKD: vascular causes
HTN
Renal artery stenosis
Renal vasculitis
Sickle cell
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Examples of systemic diseases or conditions affecting the kidney: atherosclerosis, htn, ischemia,
cholesterol emboli, systemic vasculitis, thrombotic microangiopathy, systemic sclerosis
Examples of primary kidney diseases (absence of systemic diseases affecting the kidney): ANCA
associated renal limited vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia
CKD: low flow states causes
CHF
Neoplasm Assessment – Diabetic Nephropathy, Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis,
Glomerulopathies, Tubulointerstitial Disorders, Vascular & Low-Flow Renal
Injuries, Polycystic & Hereditary Kidney Diseases, ESRD Progression, GFR
& Albuminuria Staging, CKD Complications, RAAS Inhibition, SGLT-2
Therapy, Anemia Management, Bone Mineral Disorders, Electrolyte
Imbalances, Hypertension Control, Proteinuria, Overactive Bladder, Stress &
Overflow Incontinence, Functional Urinary Impairment, Kegel
Rehabilitation, Anticholinergic & Beta-3 Agonist Therapy, Alpha-1 Blockers,
Transitional Cell Carcinoma, Papillary vs Nonpapillary Bladder Tumors,
Renal Cell Carcinoma, Diagnostic Imaging, Cystoscopy, Biopsy, Cytology,
Surveillance & Pharmacologic Interventions Exam Questions Verified and
Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
CKD
Progressive loss of functioning nephrons, may lead to end stage renal disease (ESRD)
Kidney damage > 3 months...
Abnormal structure by imaging
Abnormal function by urine/bloodwork, with implications for health or
GFR < 60ml/min/1.73 m2
Chronic kidney disease
DM and HTN cause about 70% of ESRD cases
African Americans are 3.9 times more likely to have ESRD
HIV-associated nephropathy may soon be the third leading cause
Men are 1.3 to 1.4 times more likely than women to have ESRD
CKD causes
Diabetes (54%)
,Hypertension (33%)
Renal artery stenosis and chronic ischemic disorders (20%)
Glomerulonephritis (8.5%)
Interstitial nephritis(3.6%)
Cystic Kidney Disease (3.5%)
Collagen Vascular Disease (2.2%)
Analgesic overuse, cigarette smoking
CKD patho
•Diabetic kidney disease:
Hyperglycemia leads to alterations in tubuloglomerular feedback, abnormalities in polyol metabolism
and formation of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) in tissues.
Defects in glomerular cellular metabolism lead to hemodynamic changes in the kidney. Glomerular HTN
and hyper infiltration. Leads to proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis and destruction of nephrons. Glomerulus
becomes a fibrous scar that can no longer function.
•Hypertensive kidney disease:
renal arteries become thickened while the lumens become narrowed, resulting in decreased renal flow
and autoregulation
CKD: glomerular causes
Lupus or vasculitis
Hepatitis or HIV
Endocarditis
Amyloidosis
Medications - Lithium
Prot:cr ratio is high
Examples of systemic diseases or conditions affecting the kidney: DM, systemic autoimmune diseases,
systemic infections, drugs, neoplasia
, Examples of primary kidney diseases (absence of systemic diseases affecting the kidney): diffuse, focal or
cresentic proliferative glomerulonephritis, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous
nephropathy, minimal change disease
CKD: tubulointerstitial causes
Myeloma
Pylenephritis
Obstruction: BPH, tumor
Chronic reflux
Sarcoidosis
Examples of systemic diseases or conditions affecting the kidney: systemic infections, autoimmune,
sarcoidosis, drugs, urate, environment toxins (lead, aristolochic acid), neoplasia (myeloma)
Examples of primary kidney diseases (absence of systemic diseases affecting the kidney): UTIs, stones,
obstruction
CKD: vascular causes
HTN
Renal artery stenosis
Renal vasculitis
Sickle cell
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Examples of systemic diseases or conditions affecting the kidney: atherosclerosis, htn, ischemia,
cholesterol emboli, systemic vasculitis, thrombotic microangiopathy, systemic sclerosis
Examples of primary kidney diseases (absence of systemic diseases affecting the kidney): ANCA
associated renal limited vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia
CKD: low flow states causes
CHF
