ONCC EXAM 2026 PROFESSIONAL REVIEW
PAPER SOLVED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
EXPERT VERIFIED
◉ Cytotoxic T-Cells (CD8+). Answer: -Directly kill cells for which
they are activated to kill
-rapidly divide, become mature cells, and start killing antigens
◉ Cytokines. Answer: -Secreted by lymphocytes
-Tasked with eliminating the antigen
-Multifunctional subsances having proinflammatory, anti-
inflammatory, and regulatory functions in the immune system
◉ Cytokines Include... Answer: -Interferons (IFNs)
-Tumor necrosis factors
-Transforming GFs
,-Interleukins (IL -1, -2, -3, -4, -6, -8, -10, and -15)
-These cytokines regulate antibody production and the functions of
B and T cells as well as interact with antigen-presenting cells and
NKCs
◉ Benign Tumors. Answer: -encapsulated and grow in an orderly
manner with smooth edges
-Do not invade neighboring tissue
-DO not metastasize to distant sites
-the cells well differentiated in that they look like the parent cell
◉ Characteristics of Cancer Cells. Answer: -Malignant tumors are not
encapsulated
-Cell structure is different from parent tissue (no as well
differentiated)
-Cell division is uncontrolled
,-Cells are loosely adherent without contact inhibition
-Cells are able to invade neighboring tissue
-Cells can migrate and metastasize to distant sites
-Can stimulate the development of new blood vessels to supply the
tumor (angiogenesis)
◉ Proto-oncogene. Answer: -regulate normal cell growth and
division
-large family of genes that code for proteins and enzymes that turn
on the cell cyle
◉ Oncogene. Answer: when mistakes in copies of DNA can occur, if a
mutation occurs next to a proto-oncogene, it can "turn on" and
become a ______
◉ Examples of oncogoenes. Answer: 1. EGFR or Erb-B1 (codes for an
epidermal GF receptor in the receptor-tyrosine kinase family ad is
associated with head and neck and colorectal cancers)
-EGFR inhibitor therapies are known to cause cutaneous reactions
, 2. Erb-B2 or HER2/neu (codes for an EGFR protein in the tyrosine
kinase family and is associated with some breast cancers)
◉ Tumor suppressor genes. Answer: -act like brakes in a car, slowing
down or stopping cell growth and division
-in the presence of malignancies, they bind to DNA with intention of
repairing or activating apoptosis
-for it to be turned on it must be expressed or "opened" in the DNA
helix so that it can be transcribed or copied
◉ p53. Answer: -"sucidie gene"
-activates apoptosis when the cell is damaged beyond repair or too
old to function
-more than 50% of solid tumors, the gene is mutated and unable to
perform its normal function
◉ Growth Signals. Answer: -cancer cells are able to find their own
growth signals making them self-sufficient
PAPER SOLVED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
EXPERT VERIFIED
◉ Cytotoxic T-Cells (CD8+). Answer: -Directly kill cells for which
they are activated to kill
-rapidly divide, become mature cells, and start killing antigens
◉ Cytokines. Answer: -Secreted by lymphocytes
-Tasked with eliminating the antigen
-Multifunctional subsances having proinflammatory, anti-
inflammatory, and regulatory functions in the immune system
◉ Cytokines Include... Answer: -Interferons (IFNs)
-Tumor necrosis factors
-Transforming GFs
,-Interleukins (IL -1, -2, -3, -4, -6, -8, -10, and -15)
-These cytokines regulate antibody production and the functions of
B and T cells as well as interact with antigen-presenting cells and
NKCs
◉ Benign Tumors. Answer: -encapsulated and grow in an orderly
manner with smooth edges
-Do not invade neighboring tissue
-DO not metastasize to distant sites
-the cells well differentiated in that they look like the parent cell
◉ Characteristics of Cancer Cells. Answer: -Malignant tumors are not
encapsulated
-Cell structure is different from parent tissue (no as well
differentiated)
-Cell division is uncontrolled
,-Cells are loosely adherent without contact inhibition
-Cells are able to invade neighboring tissue
-Cells can migrate and metastasize to distant sites
-Can stimulate the development of new blood vessels to supply the
tumor (angiogenesis)
◉ Proto-oncogene. Answer: -regulate normal cell growth and
division
-large family of genes that code for proteins and enzymes that turn
on the cell cyle
◉ Oncogene. Answer: when mistakes in copies of DNA can occur, if a
mutation occurs next to a proto-oncogene, it can "turn on" and
become a ______
◉ Examples of oncogoenes. Answer: 1. EGFR or Erb-B1 (codes for an
epidermal GF receptor in the receptor-tyrosine kinase family ad is
associated with head and neck and colorectal cancers)
-EGFR inhibitor therapies are known to cause cutaneous reactions
, 2. Erb-B2 or HER2/neu (codes for an EGFR protein in the tyrosine
kinase family and is associated with some breast cancers)
◉ Tumor suppressor genes. Answer: -act like brakes in a car, slowing
down or stopping cell growth and division
-in the presence of malignancies, they bind to DNA with intention of
repairing or activating apoptosis
-for it to be turned on it must be expressed or "opened" in the DNA
helix so that it can be transcribed or copied
◉ p53. Answer: -"sucidie gene"
-activates apoptosis when the cell is damaged beyond repair or too
old to function
-more than 50% of solid tumors, the gene is mutated and unable to
perform its normal function
◉ Growth Signals. Answer: -cancer cells are able to find their own
growth signals making them self-sufficient
