ACVPM-BAD BUG BOOK EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2026
Salmonella enteric (non-typhoidal) - ANS Gram (-)
Reservoir: Pet turtles, Dublin-cattle, Enteriditis-poultry, intestinal tracts of animals
Transmission: fecal-oral, contaminated produce, water, meat, etc., cross-contamination,
eggs/poultry, any food
Symptoms: 6-72 hours post exposure, GI symptoms, potentially septicemia/bacteremia (Dublin)
>1 mil cases in US/yr, 2400+ serotypes, low-moisture foods (spices)
Salmonella Typhii (typhoid fever) - ANS Gram (-)
Reservoir: people
Transmission: fecal-oral, person to person, contamination with raw human sewage
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
,Symptoms: 1-3 weeks post exposure, fever, GI, flat rose-colored spots/rash, possible septicemia
(including arthritis), endocarditis, chronic gallbladder infection
Only in people
Campylobacter jejuni - ANS Gram (-)
Reservoir: gut of animals (especially livestock)-chicken, turkey, cattle, swine, sheep
Transmission: ingestion of poorly handled/undercooked poultry, raw milk, and cheese;
infrequently-produce and seafood; usually low numbers in food
Symptoms: 2-5 days post, self-limiting GI, possible Guillain-Barre syndrome, rare HUS and
recurrent colitis
Microaerophilic - so hard to grow, ~76 deaths/year, multi-organ infection, potentially fetal
infection
Yersinia enterocolitica - ANS Gram (-)
Reservoir: many animals, flies, flea, soil, and fresh water
Transmission: fecal-oral, ingestion of raw milk, oysters, pork
Symptoms: 1-11 days post exposure, self-limiting GI, autoimmune complications such as thyroid
issues, kidney, CV, reactive arthritis, Kawasaki disease (inflammation of blood vessel body wall.
Infection mimics the disease rather than actually cause it), bacteremia
Psychotrophic-grows in the fridge, outbreaks in US, Japan, and Finland
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
, Shigella/Shigellosis/Bacillary dystentery - ANS Gram (-) Enterotoxins, Shiga Toxins
Reservoir: People
Transmission: Fecal-oral, infected food handler with bad hygiene leading to food and water
contamination especially food eaten raw
Symptoms: 1 to 7 days post exposure, acute, bloody diarrhea, sequellae possibly includes
reactive arthritis or HUS
Vibrio parahaemolyticus - ANS Gram (-) toxins: thermostable direct and thermostable related
hemolysins (TDH and TRH)
Reservoir: contaminated seafood, esp. oysters
Transmission: raw or improperly cooked seafood
Symptoms: ~17 hours, GI symptoms, potential septicemia, wound infection (marine/estuarine
water)
Lysed almost immediately in freshwater
Coxiella burnetti (Q fever) - ANS Gram (-)
Reservoir: humans, cattle, sheep, goats, reptiles, birds. Excreted in urine, milk, feces, birthing,
ticks
Transmission: inhalation of aerosols (barnyard dust), ingesting raw dairy, tick bite
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2026
Salmonella enteric (non-typhoidal) - ANS Gram (-)
Reservoir: Pet turtles, Dublin-cattle, Enteriditis-poultry, intestinal tracts of animals
Transmission: fecal-oral, contaminated produce, water, meat, etc., cross-contamination,
eggs/poultry, any food
Symptoms: 6-72 hours post exposure, GI symptoms, potentially septicemia/bacteremia (Dublin)
>1 mil cases in US/yr, 2400+ serotypes, low-moisture foods (spices)
Salmonella Typhii (typhoid fever) - ANS Gram (-)
Reservoir: people
Transmission: fecal-oral, person to person, contamination with raw human sewage
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
,Symptoms: 1-3 weeks post exposure, fever, GI, flat rose-colored spots/rash, possible septicemia
(including arthritis), endocarditis, chronic gallbladder infection
Only in people
Campylobacter jejuni - ANS Gram (-)
Reservoir: gut of animals (especially livestock)-chicken, turkey, cattle, swine, sheep
Transmission: ingestion of poorly handled/undercooked poultry, raw milk, and cheese;
infrequently-produce and seafood; usually low numbers in food
Symptoms: 2-5 days post, self-limiting GI, possible Guillain-Barre syndrome, rare HUS and
recurrent colitis
Microaerophilic - so hard to grow, ~76 deaths/year, multi-organ infection, potentially fetal
infection
Yersinia enterocolitica - ANS Gram (-)
Reservoir: many animals, flies, flea, soil, and fresh water
Transmission: fecal-oral, ingestion of raw milk, oysters, pork
Symptoms: 1-11 days post exposure, self-limiting GI, autoimmune complications such as thyroid
issues, kidney, CV, reactive arthritis, Kawasaki disease (inflammation of blood vessel body wall.
Infection mimics the disease rather than actually cause it), bacteremia
Psychotrophic-grows in the fridge, outbreaks in US, Japan, and Finland
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
, Shigella/Shigellosis/Bacillary dystentery - ANS Gram (-) Enterotoxins, Shiga Toxins
Reservoir: People
Transmission: Fecal-oral, infected food handler with bad hygiene leading to food and water
contamination especially food eaten raw
Symptoms: 1 to 7 days post exposure, acute, bloody diarrhea, sequellae possibly includes
reactive arthritis or HUS
Vibrio parahaemolyticus - ANS Gram (-) toxins: thermostable direct and thermostable related
hemolysins (TDH and TRH)
Reservoir: contaminated seafood, esp. oysters
Transmission: raw or improperly cooked seafood
Symptoms: ~17 hours, GI symptoms, potential septicemia, wound infection (marine/estuarine
water)
Lysed almost immediately in freshwater
Coxiella burnetti (Q fever) - ANS Gram (-)
Reservoir: humans, cattle, sheep, goats, reptiles, birds. Excreted in urine, milk, feces, birthing,
ticks
Transmission: inhalation of aerosols (barnyard dust), ingesting raw dairy, tick bite
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
