PSYC 2081 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
What |is |Pavlovian |conditioning? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Learning |the |relationship |between |
events |and |the |world
US |-----> |UR
CS |-----> |CR
What |is |Instrumental |Conditioning? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Learning |the |relationship |
between |a |voluntary |response |and |either |reinforcing |or |punishing |the |behaviour
What |is |Positive |Reinforcement? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Adding |a |reward |to |increase |
behaviour
What |is |Negative |Reinforcement? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Removing |consequence |to |increase |
behaviour
What |is |Positive |Punishment? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Adding |a |negative |consequence |to |
reduce |behaviour
What |is |Negative |Punishment? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Removing |positive |consequence |to |
decrease |behaviour
What |are |the |3 |R's |for |animal |ethics |in |experiments? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Replacement:
|Replacing |animals |with |other |methods
2. |Reduction: |Minimising |the |animals |used
3. |Refinement: |Using |techniques |that |minimises |adverse |impacts |on |animas
,Who |was |the |first |academic |psychologist? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Ebbinghaus |(1850-1909)
What |was |Ebbinghaus' |theory |on |the |short |and |long |history |of |psychology? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-Short: |Discipline |of |psychology |recently |emerging, |established |by |Wundt |in |
Leipzig |University
Long: |People |have |been |natural |psychologists, |since |psychology |is |a |topic |with |intrinsic |
interest
Why |was |Cambridge |University |originally |denied |for |studying |psychology? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-It |was |an |insult |against |religion
Who |was |the |first |to |propose |a |mechanism |for |evolutionary |change? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Jean-Baptiste |Lamarck |(1774-1829)
What |was |Lamarck's |theory |of |evolution? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-If |characteristic |was |used |a |
lot |by |an |animal |than |it |would |become |more |developed.
- |Acquired |characteristics |could |be |passed |to |animal's |offspring
What |was |Lamarckian |Influences? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Environmental |changes |
produces |new |habits
2. |New |habits |produce |physical |changes |
3. |Physical |changes |are |heritable
Who |suggested |that |plants |and |animals |produce |far |more |offspring |than |can |survive, |and |that |
humans |are |capable |of |overproducing |if |left |unchecked? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Malthus |
(1766-1834)
, What |was |Darwin's |theory |of |Natural |Selection? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Those |who |possess |
variations |that |favour |survival |are |more |likely |to |have |offspring |who |will |inherit |these |adaptive
|adaptations
What |were |the |two |aims |of |"The |Origin |of |Species"? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Show |that |
evolution |had |occurred
2. |Show |the |mechanisms |of |natural |selection
Who |was |considered |Darwin's |"bulldog" |to |retaliate |against |the |public |for |him? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-Thomas |Huxley |(1825-1895)
What |was |Darwin's |reply |to |the |"Descent |of |Man"? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Sexual |selection |
is |a |factor |of |human |evolution |and |this |explains |certain |mental |faculties |(human |intellect |is |
not |unique)
Who |discovered |the |linear |progress |of |evolution, |with |humans |being |the |highest |evolved |life?
|- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Romanes |(1884)
What |were |the |two |critieria |for |mind? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Organism |must |have |a |
nervous |system
2. |Behaviour |must |be |sensitive |to |past |experience, |indicating |learning |and |memory
What |did |Morgan |criticise |about |Romane's |theory? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Ignored |
opportunities |for |animal |to |learn |behaviour
2. |Confused |testable |and |non-testable |inferences |from |behaviour |to |mental |events
3. |Used |unnecessarily |complex |terms |to |explain |behaviour
4. |Romane's |data |were |based |off |one-time |observations |- |not |enough |data |to |understand |the |
mind
ANSWERS
What |is |Pavlovian |conditioning? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Learning |the |relationship |between |
events |and |the |world
US |-----> |UR
CS |-----> |CR
What |is |Instrumental |Conditioning? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Learning |the |relationship |
between |a |voluntary |response |and |either |reinforcing |or |punishing |the |behaviour
What |is |Positive |Reinforcement? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Adding |a |reward |to |increase |
behaviour
What |is |Negative |Reinforcement? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Removing |consequence |to |increase |
behaviour
What |is |Positive |Punishment? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Adding |a |negative |consequence |to |
reduce |behaviour
What |is |Negative |Punishment? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Removing |positive |consequence |to |
decrease |behaviour
What |are |the |3 |R's |for |animal |ethics |in |experiments? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Replacement:
|Replacing |animals |with |other |methods
2. |Reduction: |Minimising |the |animals |used
3. |Refinement: |Using |techniques |that |minimises |adverse |impacts |on |animas
,Who |was |the |first |academic |psychologist? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Ebbinghaus |(1850-1909)
What |was |Ebbinghaus' |theory |on |the |short |and |long |history |of |psychology? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-Short: |Discipline |of |psychology |recently |emerging, |established |by |Wundt |in |
Leipzig |University
Long: |People |have |been |natural |psychologists, |since |psychology |is |a |topic |with |intrinsic |
interest
Why |was |Cambridge |University |originally |denied |for |studying |psychology? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-It |was |an |insult |against |religion
Who |was |the |first |to |propose |a |mechanism |for |evolutionary |change? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Jean-Baptiste |Lamarck |(1774-1829)
What |was |Lamarck's |theory |of |evolution? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-If |characteristic |was |used |a |
lot |by |an |animal |than |it |would |become |more |developed.
- |Acquired |characteristics |could |be |passed |to |animal's |offspring
What |was |Lamarckian |Influences? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Environmental |changes |
produces |new |habits
2. |New |habits |produce |physical |changes |
3. |Physical |changes |are |heritable
Who |suggested |that |plants |and |animals |produce |far |more |offspring |than |can |survive, |and |that |
humans |are |capable |of |overproducing |if |left |unchecked? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Malthus |
(1766-1834)
, What |was |Darwin's |theory |of |Natural |Selection? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Those |who |possess |
variations |that |favour |survival |are |more |likely |to |have |offspring |who |will |inherit |these |adaptive
|adaptations
What |were |the |two |aims |of |"The |Origin |of |Species"? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Show |that |
evolution |had |occurred
2. |Show |the |mechanisms |of |natural |selection
Who |was |considered |Darwin's |"bulldog" |to |retaliate |against |the |public |for |him? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-Thomas |Huxley |(1825-1895)
What |was |Darwin's |reply |to |the |"Descent |of |Man"? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Sexual |selection |
is |a |factor |of |human |evolution |and |this |explains |certain |mental |faculties |(human |intellect |is |
not |unique)
Who |discovered |the |linear |progress |of |evolution, |with |humans |being |the |highest |evolved |life?
|- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Romanes |(1884)
What |were |the |two |critieria |for |mind? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Organism |must |have |a |
nervous |system
2. |Behaviour |must |be |sensitive |to |past |experience, |indicating |learning |and |memory
What |did |Morgan |criticise |about |Romane's |theory? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Ignored |
opportunities |for |animal |to |learn |behaviour
2. |Confused |testable |and |non-testable |inferences |from |behaviour |to |mental |events
3. |Used |unnecessarily |complex |terms |to |explain |behaviour
4. |Romane's |data |were |based |off |one-time |observations |- |not |enough |data |to |understand |the |
mind
