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Microbiologie - samenvatting bacteriologie en mycologie (17/20)

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Uitgebreide samenvatting van het deel bacteriologie, alle belangrijke dingen staat een sterretje bij. Zelf heb ik een 17/20 gehaald.

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MICROBIOLOGIE
Bacteriologie en mycologie – Professor Cos




2025-2026

,INHOUD

H7: Karakteristieken van de prokaryote cellen ................................................................................................. 3
De karakteristieken ............................................................................................................................................. 3
De structuur ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Biofilms.............................................................................................................................................................. 12
H8: De groei en het kweken van bacteriën ..................................................................................................... 16
De fases van de groei ........................................................................................................................................ 16
Het meten van bacteriële groei ........................................................................................................................ 17
De fysische factoren die een effect hebben op de bacteriële groei ................................................................. 17
Nutritionele factoren die de bacteriële groei beïnvloeden............................................................................... 20
Het kweken van bacteriën ................................................................................................................................ 21
H9: Microbiële genetica ................................................................................................................................. 22
DNA replicatie in een prokaryoot...................................................................................................................... 22
De terminologie ................................................................................................................................................ 22
Plasmiden .......................................................................................................................................................... 26
H10: Introductie tot de taxonomie ................................................................................................................. 27
Microbiële fylogenie ......................................................................................................................................... 27
Three-domain classificatiesysteem ................................................................................................................... 27
Taxonomie ......................................................................................................................................................... 27
Staphylococcus spp. .......................................................................................................................................... 29
Streptococcen spp. ............................................................................................................................................ 32
Corynebacterium spp. ....................................................................................................................................... 36
Listeria spp. ....................................................................................................................................................... 37
Erysipelothrix spp. ............................................................................................................................................. 39
Bacillus spp. ....................................................................................................................................................... 40
Clostridium spp. ................................................................................................................................................ 41
Mycobacterium spp. ......................................................................................................................................... 45
Enterobacteriacecae ......................................................................................................................................... 47
Pseudomonas & Burkholderia........................................................................................................................... 48
Actinobacillus spp. ............................................................................................................................................ 49
Neisseria meningitidis ....................................................................................................................................... 50
Bordetella spp. .................................................................................................................................................. 51
Brucella spp. ...................................................................................................................................................... 52
Campylobacter & Helicobacter spp................................................................................................................... 53
Spirochaetes ...................................................................................................................................................... 55
Mycoplasmas .................................................................................................................................................... 56


1

, Chlamydia.......................................................................................................................................................... 57
H11: Antimicrobiële behandeling ................................................................................................................... 58
Antibiotica die inwerken op de celwandsynthese ............................................................................................ 59
Antiobiotica die inwerken op de celwand integriteit ........................................................................................ 67
Antibiotica die de eiwitsynthese blokkeren ...................................................................................................... 68
Antibiotica die de DNA- of RNA-synthese inhiberen ......................................................................................... 72
Antibiotica die de folaatsynthese inhiberen ..................................................................................................... 73
Het meten van antibacteriële activiteit ............................................................................................................ 74
Antibioticaresistentie ........................................................................................................................................ 75
H12: Mycologie .............................................................................................................................................. 77
Domeinen van de fungi ..................................................................................................................................... 77
Subcellulaire structuur ...................................................................................................................................... 78
Levenscyclus ...................................................................................................................................................... 79
Aseksuele sporen .............................................................................................................................................. 80
Aseksuele reproductie ...................................................................................................................................... 81
Isolatie van fungi ............................................................................................................................................... 81
Antifungale middelen ........................................................................................................................................ 82
Mycoses: fungale infecties ................................................................................................................................ 85
Dermatophtes ................................................................................................................................................... 85
Gisten ................................................................................................................................................................ 88




2

, H7: KARAKTERISTIEKEN VAN DE PROKARYOTE CELLEN

Bacteriën vallen onder de prokaryoten:

• Erg eenvoudig organisme
• Geen celkern (itt eukaryoten)
• Centraal het bacterieel chromosoom
• Hebben geen mitochondriën (itt eukaryoten)

Virussen en funghi vallen onder de eukaryoten.

DE KARAKTERISTIEKEN


DE AFMETINGEN
De meeste bacteriën zijn 0,5-2,0 µm groot, RBC bijvoorbeeld 7,5 µm. Virussen zijn nog kleiner, die zijn enkele
nm groot.


DE VORM EN INDELING
Microscopisch kan je al veel bacteriën identificeren enkel aan de hand van hun vorm:

• Coc = rond
o Streptococcus = als een coc gaat groeien en in een
rijtje naast elkaar gaat liggen
o Staphylococcus → als een coc gaat groeien en drie
dimensionaal gaat liggen in een trosje
• Bacillus = staafje
o Streptobacillus = de staafjes groeien naast
elkaar
• Spirochete = kurkentrekker
• Vibrio = kommavorm, gebogen staafje

DE STRUCTUUR

Een bacterie (prokaryoot) bestaat uit 3 grote delen:

• Cytoplasma (met ribosomen, bacterieel chromosoom)
• Celmembraan en celwand
• Externe structuren (een kapsel met bijvoorbeeld fimbriae en flagellae)

De celwand ligt buiten het celmembraan, hij heeft als functie het verzorgen van de vorm en stevigheid van de
bacterie. Bij de eukaryoten zit er geen celwand rond het celmembraan, deze zullen niet openspringen doordat
er cholesterol in de cel zit. Een bacterie heeft geen cholesterol, waardoor het celmembraan heel gevoelig is en
snel open kan springen. Daarom hebben zij wel een celwand, om te voorkomen dat het celmembraan open zal
springen en kapot gaat.

➔ Je kan dit aantonen door penicilline (AB) of lysozyme (in
speeksel/traanvocht), deze maken de celwand kapot.




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