HENRY VII
SECURING THRONE: THREATS PROBLEM/CONTROL OF GOVERNMENT + FINANCIAL POLICY FOREIGN POLICY
NOBILITY ADMINISTRATION
Lovell + Stafford 1486: attempted to Promotion and Demotion: CENTRAL GOVERNMENT: Privy Chamber: made up of BRITTANY:
ambush the King + stir up rebellion in limited number of new lords (only Parliament: only summoned 7 personal household servants. Took Treaty of Redon 1489:
the West. Henry continued his journey created 9 Lords), emphasizing the times in Henry’s reign, used it as an over the administration of the agreement to pay for Henry to send
around England but sent an army = elevation to upper society even institution to important businesses household + took care of private 6000 men alongside support from
Lovell fled to Flanders, Humphrey more + limited spending on things were conducted expenditures of the King. Spain + HRE
Stafford executed, Thomas Stafford like estates from crown lands. King’s Council: No more than 150 Ordinary revenue: regular income - Unreliable HRE support + Spain
at any time, close inner circle that that the crown could rely on to only sent 2000 = Brittany
pardoned + pledged loyalty. Order of the Garter: gifted
met regularly (included John Morton finance the cost of the monarchy. defeated by France
Yorkshire 1489: raised taxes for aiding honour from the crown but had no
+ Richard Fox). Smaller committees Crown Lands: inherited lands FRANCE: Henry announced his
Brittany, while suffering bad harvest. financial obligations from within the council to improve belonging to houses of York and intentions for the French crown =
Earl of Northumberland went to Patronage: use of limited nobility efficiency: Lancaster + gained land through collected loan + a year later
negotiate with Henry but was titles meant that patronage was Council Learned in the Law: escheats and attainders. Increased crossed the Channel with 26,000
unsuccessful – murdered by rebels on given from loyalty to the crown and Established 1495 + defended King’s from £29,000 (1485) to £42,000 men
return. Rebels defeated by Earl of not just an automatic privilege of position as feudal landlord. Enforced (1509) - France was at war with Italy +
Surrey + Henry granted pardon to most the upper class – had to be earned bonds + recognisances = largely Act of Resumption: crown in 9 days later offered peace
rebels + encouraged loyalty to the hated. After Henry’s death the recovered all properties granted Treaty of Etaples 1492: France
Cornwall 1497: Raised taxes for throne. leaders Empson + Dudley were away since 1455 (but compromised gives no aid to rebels+ pays
expedition to defend potential invasion Bonds and Recognisances: if a tried + executed for fraud. by not removing all estates = kept Henry’s costs of intervening in
from Scotland + Perkin Warbeck. person offended the King in any Court of General Surveyors: nobility happy) Brittany
Cornish refused to contribute + 15,000 way they were forced to promise to audited revenues coming in from Customs duties: provided 1/3 of SPAIN: commercial rivals but
marched to London. 1000 killed in pay a certain sum of money as Crown Lands, of which the king was revenue from Crown lands. willing to work together against
battle against royal army. security for their future good feudal overlord. Introduced the Book of Rates of France.
Lambert Simnel 1486-7: pretender to behaviour = ensured loyalty to the Court of Requests: Dealt with custom duties to be paid in London. Treaty of Medina del Campo
individual requests from ordinary Profits of Justice: ensured that 1489: marriage pact between CoA
the throne as Earl of Warwick. Earl of throne as well as raising crown
people – aka Court for Poor Men’s most criminal acts were punished by + Arthur (Henry’s son). Spain
Kildare named him as King in Dublin + revenue. Sums ranged from £400-
causes’ fines = significant Crown income. demanded dowry + promised not
was supported by Margret of £10,000. 46/62 of noble families REGIONAL GOVERNMENT: Included attainders. to help rebels = agreement showed
Burgundy who sent 2000 German were financially at the mercy of the Council of Wales and the Loans: Henry avoided asking for big Tudor dynasty had been recognised
mercenaries. Real Earl of Warwick was king (B+R or attainders) Marches: Appointed his son Arthur loans and often paid them back but by one of the leading Royal families
shown in London to expose imposter. Acts of Attainder: allowed the to be the Prince of Wales. Governed was forced in 1491 to raise a loan of of Europe
Battle of Stoke 1487, Simnel was King to strip titles, land and legal directly and indirectly a larger £48,5000 to protect Brittany from HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE: England
captured but pardoned as Henry rights if they had been disloyal. proportion of Wales than any King French aggression. not included in League of Venice
recognised he was Symond’s pawn. Able to be revoked if behaviour had done before. Clerical Tax: When parliament made because he was not usually
Perkin Warbeck 1491-9: came from was good following = encouraged Council of the North: Had similar a grant, the Church would often involved in European conflicts.
France to Cork + claimed to be Duke of more loyalty to the throne. Henry administrative and judicial power to follow. 1489 donated £25,000 Later accepted into Holy League on
York. Charles VIII (France) welcomed passed 138 acts of attainder and enable swift law enforcement. towards the cost of the French war. the condition that he will not have
him in French court. Fled to Margaret of revoked 46. Appointed loyal members of his Also made money from simony to go to war with France.
Burgundy after Treaty of Etaples + gave Banning Retaining: banned the council to lead rather than (selling of Church offices) – would Magnus Intercursus 1496:
refuge as she also opposed Henry. use of noblemen having small lieutenants. keep bishoprics vacant to pocket resumed good trading relations
Council of Ireland: Could maintain extra money but would not leave a between England + Burgundy.
Support from HRE, Maximillian armies (retainers), lessened
authority in Dublin but found it diocese without a bishop for more SCOTLAND: constant border raids
recognised him as Richard. James authority + threat of
harder to control influences in rural than 12 months. + hatred of Scot Kings for owing
(Scotland) gave refuge and married him uprising/opposition from nobility. areas – left it to local leaders e.g. Feudal obligations: the king had allegiance to English Kings. James
, to his cousin + gave annual pension of Indicted many of his close allies for Kildare family to lead areas. the right to demand feudal aid on aided Perkin Warbeck + offered
£1200. Fled to Ireland then England practicing retaining = established LOCAL GOVERNMENT: special occasions such as knighting marriage to his cousin.
before giving himself up + was hanged authority of King over all subjects, Justices of the Peace: selected his son or the marriage of his eldest Treaty of Ayton 1497: peace
in the Tower 1499. including nobility. from landowning elite + dispensed daughter. secured by execution of Warbeck +
1506 = Yorkist claimants were fully justice in local courts. French Pension: annual sum of marriage of Henry’s daughter to
eliminated. £5000 from Treaty of Etaples. James in 1503.
HENRY VIII: WOLSEY
HENRY’S AIMS POLITICS + GOVERNMENT FOREIGN POLICY WOLSEY’S RELIGIOUS REFORMATION FALL OF WOLSEY
French Crown: Judicial System: Wolsey was Head of the Wolsey’s main aim was to preserve Pre-reformation Church: powerful, stable and popular = Fall from Power: was largely
Ascended to a secure Judiciary – directly responsible for the legal the power balance of Europe by the Church had a huge presence in almost every village, not his fault – European ties
throne so was able to work of the King’s Council + the Chief Law ensuring the involvement of town and city in England. made the annulment almost
pursue more Courts. Ensured that: England in Spanish/French action - Provided education, employment and aid alongside impossible (CoA was Charles
ambitious goals such - Courts were accessible to the poor (Star - Threatened to give support to Christian traditions e.g. christenings + marriage V’s aunt, so he sacked Rome
as the conquest of Chamber/Court of Requests) whichever side seemed more Relationship with Rome: generally stable, senior clergy + had the Pope at his mercy =
France. Wished to - That the rich and powerful did not gain likely to be attacked = ensured was chosen by the Monarch, not the Pope (reward for loyal annulment would never be
emulate victory of any legal advantage in the courts + was English relevancy in relations service) passed) People recognised
Henry V and claimed not afraid to prosecute members of the Maintained close links with papacy - Services of thanksgiving on new Papal elections. that Henry was waiting on
his ‘birthright’. nobility by supporting papal interests in However, the rise of printing press + humanist religious time, so abused that. Growing
Wolsey proved his Failure to reform Judicial System: England + elsewhere = made literature spread to England from Europe; encouraged influence of the Boleyn family
capabilities in Started a number of schemes to reform the Cardinal 1515 and Papal Legate debate + dissension. Henry was less of a theologian as his did lots to undermine Wolsey’s
organising the law but failed to see them through + 1528 father + wanted to meddle in Church affairs, stemming control of the situation
expeditionary force to abandoned changes when they affected him - Able to promote English from his belief in the Divine Right of Kings. Failure: inability to secure the
France. personally. diplomatic interests on wider The Annulment: widely believed that the break from annulment of the marriage to
Succession of FINANCIAL SYSTEM: political stage Rome came about so that Henry could divorce CoA and CoA lost Wolsey the King’s
dynasty: desired for Tudor Subsidy: required Parliament to Treaty of London 1518: signed marry Anne Boleyn, who was able to give him children. favour + support. He
a healthy son to take calculate its rax on property/income in more by England, France, Spain, HRE, Anne refused to accept Henry’s advances unless they promised that the matter
the throne of England accurate assessments based on individual Netherlands, Burgundy + Papacy. were married as a bastard heir would have contested would be resolved easily
+ continue Tudor taxpayers = more flexible/universal than the Maintained peaceful cooperation + claims to the throne, so this became an urgent priority for because of his influence with
name. Only had 1 tax of fifteenths and tenths. to wage war on anyone who broke Henry. However, only the Pope could annul marriages and the Papacy, but every attempt
son, Edward, and Eltham ordinances 1526: reduced cost of the pact = made England seem didn’t want to do it for Henry. failed. Henry was getting
daughters Mary + running royal household = less reliable on masterful + centre of European - Wolsey’s failure to get annulment left divorce the only increasingly anxious about
Elizabeth. All 3 had Parliament to raise funds to finance dealings option for Henry. Anne’s age and ability to
the throne at some government. Field of Cloth of Gold: War broke Biblical Texts: Henry was influenced by biblical texts produce a male heir, and she
point. Divorced CoA General Proscription: assessed taxable out again between Spain + France stating that if a man was to marry his brother’s wife then refused to sleep with him
because she did not wealth of population – levied £200,000 by competed for the crown of HRE: they will be left without children. Later changed to the unless they were married.
provide a son + was two forced loans in 1522-3 Spain won = Wolsey had to Hebrew translation to not having sons and used this as his Arrest: Was arrested and all
concerned of being Amicable Grant April 1523: financial aid mediate between the two to primary argument of why him and Catherine should split. possessions confiscated.
punished for from parliament to fund Henry’s attack on preserve peace Persuaded both to Wolsey and the ‘Great Matter’: Henry thought the However, was released and
committing a sin France which was underfunded – raised meet with Henry separately: Spain annulment would only last a few weeks, but it dragged for allowed to live away from
(marrying dead around £300,000 but was very unpopular. in May 1520, not largely successful, months – The Pope was deliberately stalling, which made court. Attempted many times
brother’s wife) = Disliked Parliament – only called twice France in June in a large display of Henry blame Wolsey, the Papal Legate. He proposed to to write pleading letters for
dynasty THAT during Wolsey’s 15 years. grandeur near Calais – not very ease the pressure off the Pope and to transfer the forgiveness to the King and
important CONTROL OF NOBILITY: successful (Henry and Francis hated decision-making process. tried to get support from
Renaissance Control over nobility had been relaxed since each other + used it to try and - Pope agreed + stated that the process can be taken friends in Europe but was not
Prince: was Henry VII’s death – introduced a stricter outdo each other) over by 2 papal legates, but that he had the successful. Was arrested again
physically imposing, monitoring of noble’s behaviour + Tudor-Hapsburg alliance: broke overarching power to accept or deny the conclusion and was being taken towards
SECURING THRONE: THREATS PROBLEM/CONTROL OF GOVERNMENT + FINANCIAL POLICY FOREIGN POLICY
NOBILITY ADMINISTRATION
Lovell + Stafford 1486: attempted to Promotion and Demotion: CENTRAL GOVERNMENT: Privy Chamber: made up of BRITTANY:
ambush the King + stir up rebellion in limited number of new lords (only Parliament: only summoned 7 personal household servants. Took Treaty of Redon 1489:
the West. Henry continued his journey created 9 Lords), emphasizing the times in Henry’s reign, used it as an over the administration of the agreement to pay for Henry to send
around England but sent an army = elevation to upper society even institution to important businesses household + took care of private 6000 men alongside support from
Lovell fled to Flanders, Humphrey more + limited spending on things were conducted expenditures of the King. Spain + HRE
Stafford executed, Thomas Stafford like estates from crown lands. King’s Council: No more than 150 Ordinary revenue: regular income - Unreliable HRE support + Spain
at any time, close inner circle that that the crown could rely on to only sent 2000 = Brittany
pardoned + pledged loyalty. Order of the Garter: gifted
met regularly (included John Morton finance the cost of the monarchy. defeated by France
Yorkshire 1489: raised taxes for aiding honour from the crown but had no
+ Richard Fox). Smaller committees Crown Lands: inherited lands FRANCE: Henry announced his
Brittany, while suffering bad harvest. financial obligations from within the council to improve belonging to houses of York and intentions for the French crown =
Earl of Northumberland went to Patronage: use of limited nobility efficiency: Lancaster + gained land through collected loan + a year later
negotiate with Henry but was titles meant that patronage was Council Learned in the Law: escheats and attainders. Increased crossed the Channel with 26,000
unsuccessful – murdered by rebels on given from loyalty to the crown and Established 1495 + defended King’s from £29,000 (1485) to £42,000 men
return. Rebels defeated by Earl of not just an automatic privilege of position as feudal landlord. Enforced (1509) - France was at war with Italy +
Surrey + Henry granted pardon to most the upper class – had to be earned bonds + recognisances = largely Act of Resumption: crown in 9 days later offered peace
rebels + encouraged loyalty to the hated. After Henry’s death the recovered all properties granted Treaty of Etaples 1492: France
Cornwall 1497: Raised taxes for throne. leaders Empson + Dudley were away since 1455 (but compromised gives no aid to rebels+ pays
expedition to defend potential invasion Bonds and Recognisances: if a tried + executed for fraud. by not removing all estates = kept Henry’s costs of intervening in
from Scotland + Perkin Warbeck. person offended the King in any Court of General Surveyors: nobility happy) Brittany
Cornish refused to contribute + 15,000 way they were forced to promise to audited revenues coming in from Customs duties: provided 1/3 of SPAIN: commercial rivals but
marched to London. 1000 killed in pay a certain sum of money as Crown Lands, of which the king was revenue from Crown lands. willing to work together against
battle against royal army. security for their future good feudal overlord. Introduced the Book of Rates of France.
Lambert Simnel 1486-7: pretender to behaviour = ensured loyalty to the Court of Requests: Dealt with custom duties to be paid in London. Treaty of Medina del Campo
individual requests from ordinary Profits of Justice: ensured that 1489: marriage pact between CoA
the throne as Earl of Warwick. Earl of throne as well as raising crown
people – aka Court for Poor Men’s most criminal acts were punished by + Arthur (Henry’s son). Spain
Kildare named him as King in Dublin + revenue. Sums ranged from £400-
causes’ fines = significant Crown income. demanded dowry + promised not
was supported by Margret of £10,000. 46/62 of noble families REGIONAL GOVERNMENT: Included attainders. to help rebels = agreement showed
Burgundy who sent 2000 German were financially at the mercy of the Council of Wales and the Loans: Henry avoided asking for big Tudor dynasty had been recognised
mercenaries. Real Earl of Warwick was king (B+R or attainders) Marches: Appointed his son Arthur loans and often paid them back but by one of the leading Royal families
shown in London to expose imposter. Acts of Attainder: allowed the to be the Prince of Wales. Governed was forced in 1491 to raise a loan of of Europe
Battle of Stoke 1487, Simnel was King to strip titles, land and legal directly and indirectly a larger £48,5000 to protect Brittany from HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE: England
captured but pardoned as Henry rights if they had been disloyal. proportion of Wales than any King French aggression. not included in League of Venice
recognised he was Symond’s pawn. Able to be revoked if behaviour had done before. Clerical Tax: When parliament made because he was not usually
Perkin Warbeck 1491-9: came from was good following = encouraged Council of the North: Had similar a grant, the Church would often involved in European conflicts.
France to Cork + claimed to be Duke of more loyalty to the throne. Henry administrative and judicial power to follow. 1489 donated £25,000 Later accepted into Holy League on
York. Charles VIII (France) welcomed passed 138 acts of attainder and enable swift law enforcement. towards the cost of the French war. the condition that he will not have
him in French court. Fled to Margaret of revoked 46. Appointed loyal members of his Also made money from simony to go to war with France.
Burgundy after Treaty of Etaples + gave Banning Retaining: banned the council to lead rather than (selling of Church offices) – would Magnus Intercursus 1496:
refuge as she also opposed Henry. use of noblemen having small lieutenants. keep bishoprics vacant to pocket resumed good trading relations
Council of Ireland: Could maintain extra money but would not leave a between England + Burgundy.
Support from HRE, Maximillian armies (retainers), lessened
authority in Dublin but found it diocese without a bishop for more SCOTLAND: constant border raids
recognised him as Richard. James authority + threat of
harder to control influences in rural than 12 months. + hatred of Scot Kings for owing
(Scotland) gave refuge and married him uprising/opposition from nobility. areas – left it to local leaders e.g. Feudal obligations: the king had allegiance to English Kings. James
, to his cousin + gave annual pension of Indicted many of his close allies for Kildare family to lead areas. the right to demand feudal aid on aided Perkin Warbeck + offered
£1200. Fled to Ireland then England practicing retaining = established LOCAL GOVERNMENT: special occasions such as knighting marriage to his cousin.
before giving himself up + was hanged authority of King over all subjects, Justices of the Peace: selected his son or the marriage of his eldest Treaty of Ayton 1497: peace
in the Tower 1499. including nobility. from landowning elite + dispensed daughter. secured by execution of Warbeck +
1506 = Yorkist claimants were fully justice in local courts. French Pension: annual sum of marriage of Henry’s daughter to
eliminated. £5000 from Treaty of Etaples. James in 1503.
HENRY VIII: WOLSEY
HENRY’S AIMS POLITICS + GOVERNMENT FOREIGN POLICY WOLSEY’S RELIGIOUS REFORMATION FALL OF WOLSEY
French Crown: Judicial System: Wolsey was Head of the Wolsey’s main aim was to preserve Pre-reformation Church: powerful, stable and popular = Fall from Power: was largely
Ascended to a secure Judiciary – directly responsible for the legal the power balance of Europe by the Church had a huge presence in almost every village, not his fault – European ties
throne so was able to work of the King’s Council + the Chief Law ensuring the involvement of town and city in England. made the annulment almost
pursue more Courts. Ensured that: England in Spanish/French action - Provided education, employment and aid alongside impossible (CoA was Charles
ambitious goals such - Courts were accessible to the poor (Star - Threatened to give support to Christian traditions e.g. christenings + marriage V’s aunt, so he sacked Rome
as the conquest of Chamber/Court of Requests) whichever side seemed more Relationship with Rome: generally stable, senior clergy + had the Pope at his mercy =
France. Wished to - That the rich and powerful did not gain likely to be attacked = ensured was chosen by the Monarch, not the Pope (reward for loyal annulment would never be
emulate victory of any legal advantage in the courts + was English relevancy in relations service) passed) People recognised
Henry V and claimed not afraid to prosecute members of the Maintained close links with papacy - Services of thanksgiving on new Papal elections. that Henry was waiting on
his ‘birthright’. nobility by supporting papal interests in However, the rise of printing press + humanist religious time, so abused that. Growing
Wolsey proved his Failure to reform Judicial System: England + elsewhere = made literature spread to England from Europe; encouraged influence of the Boleyn family
capabilities in Started a number of schemes to reform the Cardinal 1515 and Papal Legate debate + dissension. Henry was less of a theologian as his did lots to undermine Wolsey’s
organising the law but failed to see them through + 1528 father + wanted to meddle in Church affairs, stemming control of the situation
expeditionary force to abandoned changes when they affected him - Able to promote English from his belief in the Divine Right of Kings. Failure: inability to secure the
France. personally. diplomatic interests on wider The Annulment: widely believed that the break from annulment of the marriage to
Succession of FINANCIAL SYSTEM: political stage Rome came about so that Henry could divorce CoA and CoA lost Wolsey the King’s
dynasty: desired for Tudor Subsidy: required Parliament to Treaty of London 1518: signed marry Anne Boleyn, who was able to give him children. favour + support. He
a healthy son to take calculate its rax on property/income in more by England, France, Spain, HRE, Anne refused to accept Henry’s advances unless they promised that the matter
the throne of England accurate assessments based on individual Netherlands, Burgundy + Papacy. were married as a bastard heir would have contested would be resolved easily
+ continue Tudor taxpayers = more flexible/universal than the Maintained peaceful cooperation + claims to the throne, so this became an urgent priority for because of his influence with
name. Only had 1 tax of fifteenths and tenths. to wage war on anyone who broke Henry. However, only the Pope could annul marriages and the Papacy, but every attempt
son, Edward, and Eltham ordinances 1526: reduced cost of the pact = made England seem didn’t want to do it for Henry. failed. Henry was getting
daughters Mary + running royal household = less reliable on masterful + centre of European - Wolsey’s failure to get annulment left divorce the only increasingly anxious about
Elizabeth. All 3 had Parliament to raise funds to finance dealings option for Henry. Anne’s age and ability to
the throne at some government. Field of Cloth of Gold: War broke Biblical Texts: Henry was influenced by biblical texts produce a male heir, and she
point. Divorced CoA General Proscription: assessed taxable out again between Spain + France stating that if a man was to marry his brother’s wife then refused to sleep with him
because she did not wealth of population – levied £200,000 by competed for the crown of HRE: they will be left without children. Later changed to the unless they were married.
provide a son + was two forced loans in 1522-3 Spain won = Wolsey had to Hebrew translation to not having sons and used this as his Arrest: Was arrested and all
concerned of being Amicable Grant April 1523: financial aid mediate between the two to primary argument of why him and Catherine should split. possessions confiscated.
punished for from parliament to fund Henry’s attack on preserve peace Persuaded both to Wolsey and the ‘Great Matter’: Henry thought the However, was released and
committing a sin France which was underfunded – raised meet with Henry separately: Spain annulment would only last a few weeks, but it dragged for allowed to live away from
(marrying dead around £300,000 but was very unpopular. in May 1520, not largely successful, months – The Pope was deliberately stalling, which made court. Attempted many times
brother’s wife) = Disliked Parliament – only called twice France in June in a large display of Henry blame Wolsey, the Papal Legate. He proposed to to write pleading letters for
dynasty THAT during Wolsey’s 15 years. grandeur near Calais – not very ease the pressure off the Pope and to transfer the forgiveness to the King and
important CONTROL OF NOBILITY: successful (Henry and Francis hated decision-making process. tried to get support from
Renaissance Control over nobility had been relaxed since each other + used it to try and - Pope agreed + stated that the process can be taken friends in Europe but was not
Prince: was Henry VII’s death – introduced a stricter outdo each other) over by 2 papal legates, but that he had the successful. Was arrested again
physically imposing, monitoring of noble’s behaviour + Tudor-Hapsburg alliance: broke overarching power to accept or deny the conclusion and was being taken towards
