PSYC 388 INTRODUCTION TO
COUNSELLING FINAL ACTUAL
EXAMINATION TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ E.G. Williamson. Answer: Created the first counselling theory in the
1930s.
⩥ Clifford Beers. Answer: He was hospitalized for mental illness. He
advocated for better treatment of patients and for better mental health
facilities.
⩥ Frank Parsons. Answer: Founder of vocational guidance
⩥ Carl Rogers. Answer: Had a humanistic view; developed person-
centered therapy.
⩥ Albert Ellis. Answer: Developed rational emotive therapy. It's a type
of cognitive therapy that focuses on changing the client's irrational
beliefs.
⩥ Eric Berne. Answer: Father of transactional analysis. Said there are 3
ego states: the child, the adult, and the parent.
,⩥ Aaron Beck. Answer: Pioneer in cognitive therapy. His method helps
patients identify automatic thoughts and reactions, and helps them
develop more beneficial reactions.
⩥ Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Answer: (level 1) Physiological Needs,
(level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and
Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
⩥ Diff between Canada and US in counselling. Answer: Counselling in
USA grew out of professional psychology; in Canada grew out of
educational psychology.
⩥ 1980s counselling also changed because of. Answer: attention to
gender issues and sexual preferences, feminist theory, renewed emphasis
on moral development, challenges of working with different ethnic and
cultural groups.
⩥ Lawrence Kohlberg. Answer: moral development; presented boys
moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in
making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who
has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the
medication and why?
⩥ Wellness Mode --2000. Answer: Wellness Mode --2000
,⩥ Describe how the vocational guidance movement in public schools,
and later in Canadian colleges and universities, contributed to the growth
of the profession of counselling in Canada.. Answer: Counsellors and
guidance counsellors started to replace teachers in schools in areas of
testing and counselling. School boards begin hiring full-time counsellors
as a result of the rising popularity of Rogers' humanistic approach.
Counselling became to be seen as a crucial part of schools and should be
its own profession.
⩥ An important difference between psychiatrists and other allied mental
health professionals is:. Answer: their ability to provide and monitor
psychotropic medication
⩥ Guidance deals with ___. counselling deals with ___. Answer: choice;
change
⩥ Good qualities for effective counsellor (12). Answer: Curiosity,
ability to listen,
empathy,
comfort with conversation,
emotional intelligence,
introspection,
capacity for self-denial,
comfort with power,
, ability to laugh,
monitor own biases,
ask for clarification,
explore racial and cultural differences
⩥ Bad reasons for becoming a counsellor (6). Answer: 1. Emotional
distress,
2. Vicarious coping,
3. loneliness,
4. Desire for Power,
5. Need for love,
6. Vicarious rebellion
⩥ identify the symptoms of burnout, describe its treatment, and identify
ways to prevent it.. Answer: state of becoming emotionally or physically
drained to the point that one cannot perform functions meaningfully.
Counsellors develop a negative self-concept, negative job attitude, and
even a loss of concern, compassion, and feeling for others.
It's the most common personal consequence of being a counsellor.
To avoid burnout, counsellors need to modify their environment as well
as the individual and interpersonal factors associated with it.
Burnout can also be avoided/treated by: associating with healthy
individuals, using stress-reduction exercises, engaging in self-
assessment, setting aside free and private time.
COUNSELLING FINAL ACTUAL
EXAMINATION TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ E.G. Williamson. Answer: Created the first counselling theory in the
1930s.
⩥ Clifford Beers. Answer: He was hospitalized for mental illness. He
advocated for better treatment of patients and for better mental health
facilities.
⩥ Frank Parsons. Answer: Founder of vocational guidance
⩥ Carl Rogers. Answer: Had a humanistic view; developed person-
centered therapy.
⩥ Albert Ellis. Answer: Developed rational emotive therapy. It's a type
of cognitive therapy that focuses on changing the client's irrational
beliefs.
⩥ Eric Berne. Answer: Father of transactional analysis. Said there are 3
ego states: the child, the adult, and the parent.
,⩥ Aaron Beck. Answer: Pioneer in cognitive therapy. His method helps
patients identify automatic thoughts and reactions, and helps them
develop more beneficial reactions.
⩥ Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Answer: (level 1) Physiological Needs,
(level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and
Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
⩥ Diff between Canada and US in counselling. Answer: Counselling in
USA grew out of professional psychology; in Canada grew out of
educational psychology.
⩥ 1980s counselling also changed because of. Answer: attention to
gender issues and sexual preferences, feminist theory, renewed emphasis
on moral development, challenges of working with different ethnic and
cultural groups.
⩥ Lawrence Kohlberg. Answer: moral development; presented boys
moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in
making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who
has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the
medication and why?
⩥ Wellness Mode --2000. Answer: Wellness Mode --2000
,⩥ Describe how the vocational guidance movement in public schools,
and later in Canadian colleges and universities, contributed to the growth
of the profession of counselling in Canada.. Answer: Counsellors and
guidance counsellors started to replace teachers in schools in areas of
testing and counselling. School boards begin hiring full-time counsellors
as a result of the rising popularity of Rogers' humanistic approach.
Counselling became to be seen as a crucial part of schools and should be
its own profession.
⩥ An important difference between psychiatrists and other allied mental
health professionals is:. Answer: their ability to provide and monitor
psychotropic medication
⩥ Guidance deals with ___. counselling deals with ___. Answer: choice;
change
⩥ Good qualities for effective counsellor (12). Answer: Curiosity,
ability to listen,
empathy,
comfort with conversation,
emotional intelligence,
introspection,
capacity for self-denial,
comfort with power,
, ability to laugh,
monitor own biases,
ask for clarification,
explore racial and cultural differences
⩥ Bad reasons for becoming a counsellor (6). Answer: 1. Emotional
distress,
2. Vicarious coping,
3. loneliness,
4. Desire for Power,
5. Need for love,
6. Vicarious rebellion
⩥ identify the symptoms of burnout, describe its treatment, and identify
ways to prevent it.. Answer: state of becoming emotionally or physically
drained to the point that one cannot perform functions meaningfully.
Counsellors develop a negative self-concept, negative job attitude, and
even a loss of concern, compassion, and feeling for others.
It's the most common personal consequence of being a counsellor.
To avoid burnout, counsellors need to modify their environment as well
as the individual and interpersonal factors associated with it.
Burnout can also be avoided/treated by: associating with healthy
individuals, using stress-reduction exercises, engaging in self-
assessment, setting aside free and private time.
