1|Page
CELL BIOLOGY 112 EXAM 3 PCC EXAM LATEST 2026-2027 ACTUAL
EXAM WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (100% VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+|
||PROFESSOR VERIFIED|| ||BRANDNEW!!!||
What are the 3 steps that describe Endocrine signaling? -
ANSWER-Hormone Secretion -> diffuse in blood -> targets cells
excocytosis secretes signal and targets protein receptors on
another cell, what is this known as? - ANSWER-Localized
diffusion, or paracrine
release signal by exocytosis and then receive them at receptors,
what kind of signaling is this? - ANSWER-Autocrine, or self
signaling
A greater portion of cancer is caused by what type of signaling? -
ANSWER-Autocrine, or self signaling
Signaling by plasma membrane-attatched proteins involves how
many cells? - ANSWER-Involves 2 cells; like shaking hands
,2|Page
Ex: immune system -> T helper cells -> receive info on
virus/bacteria and inform B cell by this process
Signal transduction pathway involves what 2 things? - ANSWER--
Effector that produces a second messenger
-cascade of proteins in the cytosol transfer signal to the activated
target protein
enzymes that adds phosphate to another protein (phosphatease
removes phosphate; reverse action) - ANSWER-Kinase
What happens when a protein is phosphoralized? - ANSWER-It is
activated:
inactive —> active (this is the cascade effect
One ligand is amplified into many _______ - ANSWER-
Intracellular molecules
What are the 3 things signals can do at the end of signal
amplification? - ANSWER-1. Signals can converge and intergrate
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2. Signals can diverge as well and form cascade branches
3. Signals can be interconnected
Olfactory receptors are _____ - ANSWER-G-proteins
GDP-bound G protein is in _____ form at the beginning of signal
transduction - ANSWER-inactive form
**When a receptor is activated by ligand binding, the
receptor-ligand complex associates with the G protein,
causing the displacement of GDP by GTP, and the
dissociation of the α-subunit-GTP complex.
Once G-protien is active the alpha subgroup attaches to _____ -
ANSWER-Adenylyl cyclase
α-subunit-GTP complex binds to and activate adenylyl cyclase,
which synthesizes ____ - ANSWER-cAMP
, 4|Page
cAMP molecules are hydrolyzed to AMP by the ____. - ANSWER-
phosphodiesterase
the signaling molecule that is rapidly produced/secreted upon the
binding of ligand to receptor. - ANSWER-Secondary messenger
______ activates effector proteins within the cell to exert a cellular
response - ANSWER-Secondary messenger
_____ is an enzyme that produces the signal molecule of cAMP -
ANSWER-Adenylyl cyclase
____ is the secondary messenger molecule to make AMP
*AMP is NOT a signaling molecule - ANSWER-cAMP
____ is a nucleotide signaling molecule which is unique -
ANSWER-cAMP
Protein kinase A is composed of 2
CELL BIOLOGY 112 EXAM 3 PCC EXAM LATEST 2026-2027 ACTUAL
EXAM WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (100% VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+|
||PROFESSOR VERIFIED|| ||BRANDNEW!!!||
What are the 3 steps that describe Endocrine signaling? -
ANSWER-Hormone Secretion -> diffuse in blood -> targets cells
excocytosis secretes signal and targets protein receptors on
another cell, what is this known as? - ANSWER-Localized
diffusion, or paracrine
release signal by exocytosis and then receive them at receptors,
what kind of signaling is this? - ANSWER-Autocrine, or self
signaling
A greater portion of cancer is caused by what type of signaling? -
ANSWER-Autocrine, or self signaling
Signaling by plasma membrane-attatched proteins involves how
many cells? - ANSWER-Involves 2 cells; like shaking hands
,2|Page
Ex: immune system -> T helper cells -> receive info on
virus/bacteria and inform B cell by this process
Signal transduction pathway involves what 2 things? - ANSWER--
Effector that produces a second messenger
-cascade of proteins in the cytosol transfer signal to the activated
target protein
enzymes that adds phosphate to another protein (phosphatease
removes phosphate; reverse action) - ANSWER-Kinase
What happens when a protein is phosphoralized? - ANSWER-It is
activated:
inactive —> active (this is the cascade effect
One ligand is amplified into many _______ - ANSWER-
Intracellular molecules
What are the 3 things signals can do at the end of signal
amplification? - ANSWER-1. Signals can converge and intergrate
,3|Page
2. Signals can diverge as well and form cascade branches
3. Signals can be interconnected
Olfactory receptors are _____ - ANSWER-G-proteins
GDP-bound G protein is in _____ form at the beginning of signal
transduction - ANSWER-inactive form
**When a receptor is activated by ligand binding, the
receptor-ligand complex associates with the G protein,
causing the displacement of GDP by GTP, and the
dissociation of the α-subunit-GTP complex.
Once G-protien is active the alpha subgroup attaches to _____ -
ANSWER-Adenylyl cyclase
α-subunit-GTP complex binds to and activate adenylyl cyclase,
which synthesizes ____ - ANSWER-cAMP
, 4|Page
cAMP molecules are hydrolyzed to AMP by the ____. - ANSWER-
phosphodiesterase
the signaling molecule that is rapidly produced/secreted upon the
binding of ligand to receptor. - ANSWER-Secondary messenger
______ activates effector proteins within the cell to exert a cellular
response - ANSWER-Secondary messenger
_____ is an enzyme that produces the signal molecule of cAMP -
ANSWER-Adenylyl cyclase
____ is the secondary messenger molecule to make AMP
*AMP is NOT a signaling molecule - ANSWER-cAMP
____ is a nucleotide signaling molecule which is unique -
ANSWER-cAMP
Protein kinase A is composed of 2
