1|Page
CELL BIOLOGY 112 EXAM 1 PCC EXAM LATEST 2026-2027 ACTUAL EXAM WITH
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (100% VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+| ||PROFESSOR VERIFIED|| ||BRANDNEW!!!||
What are the ends of a polypeptide chain called? - ANSWER-The
end carrying the amino group is the amino terminus, the end
carrying the free carboxyl group in the carboxyl terminus.
What types of side chains can amino acids have? - ANSWER-
nonpolar, polar uncharged, positive charge, negative charge
What types of bonds help proteins fold? - ANSWER-electrostatic
attraction, van der waals attractions, hydrogen bonds
What is a hydrophobic interaction - ANSWER-attraction bw water-
hating molecules and surfaces.
What helps stabilize folded proteins - ANSWER-hydrogen bonds
in protein molecule helped stabilize folded shape
How might prion diseases illustrate the importance of proper
protein folding, and what makes them uniquely dangerous
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compared to other diseases? - ANSWER-prion diseases involved
mis-folded proteins that trigger mis-foldings in other proteins, do
not require DNA/RNA to propagate, and resist standard
sterilization methods.
What allows proteins to interact with specific ligands? - ANSWER-
binding sites allow proteins to interact w specific ligands.
How does the structure of an antibody relate to its function, and
why is this specificity important for immune defense? - ANSWER-
the structure of an antibody relates to the type of antigen it was
designed for. This specificity is crucial for immune defense, so
antibodies only bind to antigens from viruses or bacteria and do
not accidentally bind to and destroy normal cells.
What do enzymes do? - ANSWER-enzymes convert substrates to
products. Enzymes are high specific and work in sets, the product
of one enzyme becomes substrate for next.
Why is enzyme activity a common target for drugs, and how can
inhibiting a specific enzyme affect a broader biological pathway? -
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ANSWER-because enzymes convert substrates to products,
targeting them for drug therapy can inhibit both the enzyme and
the products it makes. It also inhibits the broader pathway bc
there's less product to bind to and activate other pathways.
What is transcription? And where does it occur in eukaryotes? -
ANSWER-DNA -> RNA. Located in nucleus.
What enzyme performs transcription? - ANSWER-RNA
polymerase.
What direction does RNA polymerase synthesize RNA? -
ANSWER-moves 5' to 3'.
How do DNA and RNA differ? - ANSWER-DNA has thymine and a
double strand, deoxyribose; RNA has uracil and a single strand,
ribose. DNA stores info, RNA conveys and acts.
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What allows RNA to fold into specific shapes? - ANSWER-RNA
molecules that fold into specific shapes are held together by
hydrogen bonds.
What are three types of RNA? - ANSWER-tRNA - transfer RNA
mRNA - messenger RNA
rRNA - ribosomal RNA
What are the steps of transcription - ANSWER-Initiation -
promoter recognition, transcription factors bind, RNA polymerase
recruited.
Elongation - RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA, DNA rewinds
after passage.
Termination - RNA polymerase stops at terminator sequence,
RNA released.
What is translation and where does it occur? - ANSWER-RNA ->
protein. Located in cytoplasm
what is the smallest independent unit of a living organism that all
living things are made up of - ANSWER-cells
CELL BIOLOGY 112 EXAM 1 PCC EXAM LATEST 2026-2027 ACTUAL EXAM WITH
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (100% VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+| ||PROFESSOR VERIFIED|| ||BRANDNEW!!!||
What are the ends of a polypeptide chain called? - ANSWER-The
end carrying the amino group is the amino terminus, the end
carrying the free carboxyl group in the carboxyl terminus.
What types of side chains can amino acids have? - ANSWER-
nonpolar, polar uncharged, positive charge, negative charge
What types of bonds help proteins fold? - ANSWER-electrostatic
attraction, van der waals attractions, hydrogen bonds
What is a hydrophobic interaction - ANSWER-attraction bw water-
hating molecules and surfaces.
What helps stabilize folded proteins - ANSWER-hydrogen bonds
in protein molecule helped stabilize folded shape
How might prion diseases illustrate the importance of proper
protein folding, and what makes them uniquely dangerous
,2|Page
compared to other diseases? - ANSWER-prion diseases involved
mis-folded proteins that trigger mis-foldings in other proteins, do
not require DNA/RNA to propagate, and resist standard
sterilization methods.
What allows proteins to interact with specific ligands? - ANSWER-
binding sites allow proteins to interact w specific ligands.
How does the structure of an antibody relate to its function, and
why is this specificity important for immune defense? - ANSWER-
the structure of an antibody relates to the type of antigen it was
designed for. This specificity is crucial for immune defense, so
antibodies only bind to antigens from viruses or bacteria and do
not accidentally bind to and destroy normal cells.
What do enzymes do? - ANSWER-enzymes convert substrates to
products. Enzymes are high specific and work in sets, the product
of one enzyme becomes substrate for next.
Why is enzyme activity a common target for drugs, and how can
inhibiting a specific enzyme affect a broader biological pathway? -
,3|Page
ANSWER-because enzymes convert substrates to products,
targeting them for drug therapy can inhibit both the enzyme and
the products it makes. It also inhibits the broader pathway bc
there's less product to bind to and activate other pathways.
What is transcription? And where does it occur in eukaryotes? -
ANSWER-DNA -> RNA. Located in nucleus.
What enzyme performs transcription? - ANSWER-RNA
polymerase.
What direction does RNA polymerase synthesize RNA? -
ANSWER-moves 5' to 3'.
How do DNA and RNA differ? - ANSWER-DNA has thymine and a
double strand, deoxyribose; RNA has uracil and a single strand,
ribose. DNA stores info, RNA conveys and acts.
, 4|Page
What allows RNA to fold into specific shapes? - ANSWER-RNA
molecules that fold into specific shapes are held together by
hydrogen bonds.
What are three types of RNA? - ANSWER-tRNA - transfer RNA
mRNA - messenger RNA
rRNA - ribosomal RNA
What are the steps of transcription - ANSWER-Initiation -
promoter recognition, transcription factors bind, RNA polymerase
recruited.
Elongation - RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA, DNA rewinds
after passage.
Termination - RNA polymerase stops at terminator sequence,
RNA released.
What is translation and where does it occur? - ANSWER-RNA ->
protein. Located in cytoplasm
what is the smallest independent unit of a living organism that all
living things are made up of - ANSWER-cells
