BIO 117 EXAM 4 REVIEW QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS | 2026 UPDATE
Stem Cells - ANSWERS unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves
for long periods of time by cell division
cytoplasmic determinants - ANSWERS Regulatory molecules that are
unequally distributed to daughter cells.
induction - ANSWERS Reception of an environmental signal which gives a
command to change
Cells move into the three primary layers during _____________ - ANSWERS
gastrulation
Morphogens - ANSWERS pattern formation molecules that are present in a
concentration gradient to create broad anterior-posterior sections of an embryo.
Pattern Formation - ANSWERS describes the events that determine spatial
organization in an embryo
Order of Development - ANSWERS undifferentiated cells -> morphogens ->
gap genes -> pair-rule genes -> segment polarity genes -> hometic genes ->
effector genes -> differentiated cells
, Homeotix (Hox) genes - ANSWERS Trigger development of structures by
producing transcription factors to activate effector genes
Effector genes - ANSWERS Genes that express certain bodily structures
Determination - ANSWERS The commitment of a cell to a certain
developmental fate.
Gap genes - ANSWERS Organize cell into groups of segments along anterior-
posterior axis
Pair-rule segment - ANSWERS Organize cells into individual segments
Segment polarity genes - ANSWERS establish anterior-posterior gradient
within each segment
anatomy - ANSWERS The study of an organism's physical structure
Physiology - ANSWERS Study of how the physical structures in an organism
function
Adaptation - ANSWERS heritable characteristic that increases an organism's
ability to survive and reproduce in an environment
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS | 2026 UPDATE
Stem Cells - ANSWERS unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves
for long periods of time by cell division
cytoplasmic determinants - ANSWERS Regulatory molecules that are
unequally distributed to daughter cells.
induction - ANSWERS Reception of an environmental signal which gives a
command to change
Cells move into the three primary layers during _____________ - ANSWERS
gastrulation
Morphogens - ANSWERS pattern formation molecules that are present in a
concentration gradient to create broad anterior-posterior sections of an embryo.
Pattern Formation - ANSWERS describes the events that determine spatial
organization in an embryo
Order of Development - ANSWERS undifferentiated cells -> morphogens ->
gap genes -> pair-rule genes -> segment polarity genes -> hometic genes ->
effector genes -> differentiated cells
, Homeotix (Hox) genes - ANSWERS Trigger development of structures by
producing transcription factors to activate effector genes
Effector genes - ANSWERS Genes that express certain bodily structures
Determination - ANSWERS The commitment of a cell to a certain
developmental fate.
Gap genes - ANSWERS Organize cell into groups of segments along anterior-
posterior axis
Pair-rule segment - ANSWERS Organize cells into individual segments
Segment polarity genes - ANSWERS establish anterior-posterior gradient
within each segment
anatomy - ANSWERS The study of an organism's physical structure
Physiology - ANSWERS Study of how the physical structures in an organism
function
Adaptation - ANSWERS heritable characteristic that increases an organism's
ability to survive and reproduce in an environment
