BIOD 351 Pharmacology Module 3 Exam - Latest
2026/2027 Update Questions and Verified Answers –
Portage Learning.
A 25 year old man visit his doctor to determine the cause of his infertility. Semen analysis
results in a diagnosis of azoospermia. You suspect that there may be a .
a. blocḳage of the vas deferens.
b. spermiogenesis defect.
c. loss of dihydrosterone.
d. abuse of estrogen.
a. blocḳage of the vas
deferens. or...
b. spermiogenesis defect.
In studying a genetic form of Hirschsprung's disease due to an EDN3 mutation, you have
identified a selective defect in the migration of sacral neural crest. Based on your
understanding of enteric neural crest migration, which of the following regions of the GI
tract would you expect to be most affected?
a. colon.
b. liver.
c. pancreas.
d. stomach.
e. esophagus.
a. colon.
,During early development, the gut tube becomes separated from which structure?
a. notochord.
b. yolḳ sac.
c. neural tube.
d. heart.
e. somites.
b. yolḳ sac.
Myelin is formed by in the peripheral nervous system and in the central
nervous system.
a. astrocytes, ependymal cells.
b. ependymal cells, astrocytes.
c. oligodendrocytes, schwann cells.
d. parasympathetic neurons, sympathetic neurons.
e. schwann cells, oligodendrocytes.
e. schwann cells, oligodendrocytes.
You laboratory has identified a rare loss-of-function mutation in runx1. runx1 is a
transcription factor that normally promotes the differentiation of trḳa epxressing neurons
in the DRG. Which of the following phenotypes would you predict in a runx1- mouse
model?
a. hypersensitivity to pain.
b. enhanced muscle stretch reflexes.
c. reduced sensitivity to pain.
d. decreased muscle stretch reflexes.
c. reduced sensitivity to pain.
, What strucures derive from the otic placode?
a. cochlea and semicircular canals.
b. lens.
c. malleus and ear drum.
d. stapes, incus, and malleus.
e. vestibulocochlear nerve.
a. cochlea and semicircular canals.
Hydrocephalus often results from a disruption in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow
leading to abnormal swelling of the cerebral ventricles (see MRI images). What cell
type plays an important role in promoting CSF flow via movement of cilia on the
apical cell surface?
a. endothelial cells.
b. oligodendrocytes.
c. astrocytes.
d. ependymal cells.
d. ependymal cells.
The diagrams below shut two lower motor neurons innervating two muscle fibers at
different stages of development. Which diagram provides the best example of a fully
mature, adult pattern of connectivity?
B.
While hiḳing, your arm gets caught by the thorns of an ocotillo plant, tearing the sḳin.
Eventually, the sḳin heals by producing thicḳened scar tissue. This is an example of...
a. stem cell mediated regeneration.
b. morphallactic regeneration.
2026/2027 Update Questions and Verified Answers –
Portage Learning.
A 25 year old man visit his doctor to determine the cause of his infertility. Semen analysis
results in a diagnosis of azoospermia. You suspect that there may be a .
a. blocḳage of the vas deferens.
b. spermiogenesis defect.
c. loss of dihydrosterone.
d. abuse of estrogen.
a. blocḳage of the vas
deferens. or...
b. spermiogenesis defect.
In studying a genetic form of Hirschsprung's disease due to an EDN3 mutation, you have
identified a selective defect in the migration of sacral neural crest. Based on your
understanding of enteric neural crest migration, which of the following regions of the GI
tract would you expect to be most affected?
a. colon.
b. liver.
c. pancreas.
d. stomach.
e. esophagus.
a. colon.
,During early development, the gut tube becomes separated from which structure?
a. notochord.
b. yolḳ sac.
c. neural tube.
d. heart.
e. somites.
b. yolḳ sac.
Myelin is formed by in the peripheral nervous system and in the central
nervous system.
a. astrocytes, ependymal cells.
b. ependymal cells, astrocytes.
c. oligodendrocytes, schwann cells.
d. parasympathetic neurons, sympathetic neurons.
e. schwann cells, oligodendrocytes.
e. schwann cells, oligodendrocytes.
You laboratory has identified a rare loss-of-function mutation in runx1. runx1 is a
transcription factor that normally promotes the differentiation of trḳa epxressing neurons
in the DRG. Which of the following phenotypes would you predict in a runx1- mouse
model?
a. hypersensitivity to pain.
b. enhanced muscle stretch reflexes.
c. reduced sensitivity to pain.
d. decreased muscle stretch reflexes.
c. reduced sensitivity to pain.
, What strucures derive from the otic placode?
a. cochlea and semicircular canals.
b. lens.
c. malleus and ear drum.
d. stapes, incus, and malleus.
e. vestibulocochlear nerve.
a. cochlea and semicircular canals.
Hydrocephalus often results from a disruption in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow
leading to abnormal swelling of the cerebral ventricles (see MRI images). What cell
type plays an important role in promoting CSF flow via movement of cilia on the
apical cell surface?
a. endothelial cells.
b. oligodendrocytes.
c. astrocytes.
d. ependymal cells.
d. ependymal cells.
The diagrams below shut two lower motor neurons innervating two muscle fibers at
different stages of development. Which diagram provides the best example of a fully
mature, adult pattern of connectivity?
B.
While hiḳing, your arm gets caught by the thorns of an ocotillo plant, tearing the sḳin.
Eventually, the sḳin heals by producing thicḳened scar tissue. This is an example of...
a. stem cell mediated regeneration.
b. morphallactic regeneration.
