NR 507: ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MIDTERM REVIEWED QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS2026/2027]
Asthma - Correct Answers -Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - Correct Answers -coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - Correct Answers --airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-
reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - Correct Answers -smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that
become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - Correct Answers -innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - Correct Answers -the middle layer of the bronchioles
,structure of the lamina propria - Correct Answers -embedded with connective tissue cells and
immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - Correct Answers -white blood cells are present to help protect
the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - Correct Answers -the WBCs
protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages host
tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - Correct Answers -columnar
epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - Correct Answers -smooth muscle
cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - Correct Answers -control the airways
ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - Correct Answers -When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it
should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - Correct Answers -the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma
produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - Correct Answers --expanded thorax and hypercapnia
(retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
, What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - Correct Answers -tiotropium and
ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - Correct Answers -These drugs block the effects of
the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - Correct Answers -the parasympathetic system is
stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors
of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial
constriction
bronchitis - Correct Answers -inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - Correct Answers -bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
Perfusion - Correct Answers -The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and
tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - Correct Answers -cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
MIDTERM REVIEWED QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS2026/2027]
Asthma - Correct Answers -Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - Correct Answers -coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - Correct Answers --airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-
reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - Correct Answers -smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that
become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - Correct Answers -innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - Correct Answers -the middle layer of the bronchioles
,structure of the lamina propria - Correct Answers -embedded with connective tissue cells and
immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - Correct Answers -white blood cells are present to help protect
the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - Correct Answers -the WBCs
protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages host
tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - Correct Answers -columnar
epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - Correct Answers -smooth muscle
cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - Correct Answers -control the airways
ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - Correct Answers -When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it
should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - Correct Answers -the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma
produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - Correct Answers --expanded thorax and hypercapnia
(retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
, What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - Correct Answers -tiotropium and
ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - Correct Answers -These drugs block the effects of
the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - Correct Answers -the parasympathetic system is
stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors
of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial
constriction
bronchitis - Correct Answers -inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - Correct Answers -bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
Perfusion - Correct Answers -The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and
tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - Correct Answers -cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
