HCR 240 Pathophysiology - Final review (Modules 4
- 7) Exam 2026 Guide
1. How to study for 1) Study more than this quizlet! Use these resources:
the final https://sites.google.com/view/patho-links/
2) Study for 15-30 minutes every day
3) Actively practice remembering information - don't just re-read your notes!
2. Rheumatology Study of inflammation of the muscles, bones, and joints
3. Cortical bone Hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone; also called compact
bone
4. Trabecular bone Interior, spongy bone with a porous, honeycomb structure; also called cancellous
bone
5. Haversian canal One of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood
vessels and nerves
6. Volkmann canals Connect Haversian canals
7. Osteoblast Bone-forming cell
8. Osteoclast Bone-destroying cells
, HCR 240 Pathophysiology - Final review (Modules 4
- 7) Exam 2026 Guide
9. Synovial joints Freely movable joints, which are composed of an outer fibrous capsule, which
encases interior synovial membranes, articular cartilage, and synovial fluid.
Ex: shoulder, elbow, knee, hip, hand, and fingers
10. Cartilage A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of
bones and keeps them from rubbing together.
11. Articular carti- Hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints
lage
12. Chondrocytes Cells that secrete extracellular matrix of cartilage
13. Interphalangeal Knuckle joints, usually referring to the fingers
joints
14. Metatarsopha- Toe knuckle joints
langeal joint
15. Arthropathy Any joint disease
16. Arthritis Inflammation of a joint
17. Myositis Inflammation of the skeletal muscles
18. Osteoporosis A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. Bone dem-
ineralization caused by greater osteoclastic activity compared with osteoblastic
activity.
19. Osteopenia Abnormal reduction of bone mass
20. Osteoarthritis Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hyper-
(OA) trophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces
21. Osteophytes
, HCR 240 Pathophysiology - Final review (Modules 4
- 7) Exam 2026 Guide
Bone spurs; a bony outgrowth associated with the degeneration of cartilage at
joints.
22. Bouchard's Swelling at the proximal interphalangeal joint; classic presentation for os-
nodes teoarthritis
23. Heberden's Swelling at the distal interphalangeal joint,; classic presentation for osteoarthritis
nodes
24. Degenerative Progressive degeneration that is a normal process of aging; results in the inter-
Disc Disease vertebral discs losing their elasticity, flexibility, and shock-absorbing capabilities.
(DDD)
Most common discs involved are L4, L5, and S1.
25. Lyme Disease Most common vector-borne disease in the United States; caused by a tick-trans-
mitted bacterium (B. burgdorferi). Can attect the heart, joints, eyes, and CNS.
26. Borrelia burgdor- Bacteria that causes Lyme Disease
feri
27. Erythema mi- Bullseye-like rash that is indicative of Lyme Disease
grans
- 7) Exam 2026 Guide
1. How to study for 1) Study more than this quizlet! Use these resources:
the final https://sites.google.com/view/patho-links/
2) Study for 15-30 minutes every day
3) Actively practice remembering information - don't just re-read your notes!
2. Rheumatology Study of inflammation of the muscles, bones, and joints
3. Cortical bone Hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone; also called compact
bone
4. Trabecular bone Interior, spongy bone with a porous, honeycomb structure; also called cancellous
bone
5. Haversian canal One of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood
vessels and nerves
6. Volkmann canals Connect Haversian canals
7. Osteoblast Bone-forming cell
8. Osteoclast Bone-destroying cells
, HCR 240 Pathophysiology - Final review (Modules 4
- 7) Exam 2026 Guide
9. Synovial joints Freely movable joints, which are composed of an outer fibrous capsule, which
encases interior synovial membranes, articular cartilage, and synovial fluid.
Ex: shoulder, elbow, knee, hip, hand, and fingers
10. Cartilage A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of
bones and keeps them from rubbing together.
11. Articular carti- Hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints
lage
12. Chondrocytes Cells that secrete extracellular matrix of cartilage
13. Interphalangeal Knuckle joints, usually referring to the fingers
joints
14. Metatarsopha- Toe knuckle joints
langeal joint
15. Arthropathy Any joint disease
16. Arthritis Inflammation of a joint
17. Myositis Inflammation of the skeletal muscles
18. Osteoporosis A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. Bone dem-
ineralization caused by greater osteoclastic activity compared with osteoblastic
activity.
19. Osteopenia Abnormal reduction of bone mass
20. Osteoarthritis Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hyper-
(OA) trophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces
21. Osteophytes
, HCR 240 Pathophysiology - Final review (Modules 4
- 7) Exam 2026 Guide
Bone spurs; a bony outgrowth associated with the degeneration of cartilage at
joints.
22. Bouchard's Swelling at the proximal interphalangeal joint; classic presentation for os-
nodes teoarthritis
23. Heberden's Swelling at the distal interphalangeal joint,; classic presentation for osteoarthritis
nodes
24. Degenerative Progressive degeneration that is a normal process of aging; results in the inter-
Disc Disease vertebral discs losing their elasticity, flexibility, and shock-absorbing capabilities.
(DDD)
Most common discs involved are L4, L5, and S1.
25. Lyme Disease Most common vector-borne disease in the United States; caused by a tick-trans-
mitted bacterium (B. burgdorferi). Can attect the heart, joints, eyes, and CNS.
26. Borrelia burgdor- Bacteria that causes Lyme Disease
feri
27. Erythema mi- Bullseye-like rash that is indicative of Lyme Disease
grans
