Q1: What is photosynthesis?
ANSWER The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to
produce glucose and oxygen.
Q2: What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?
ANSWER The light-dependent reactions (light reactions) and the light-independent
reactions (Calvin cycle).
Q3: What organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
ANSWER The chloroplast.
Q4: What pigment gives plants their green color and is essential for photosynthesis?
ANSWER Chlorophyll.
Q5: What is transpiration?
ANSWER The process by which water moves through a plant and evaporates from
leaves, stems, and flowers.
Q6: What are stomata?
ANSWER Tiny pores on plant leaves and stems that regulate gas exchange and water
vapor loss.
Q7: What cells open and close stomata?
ANSWER Guard cells.
Q8: What is the function of roots?
ANSWER To anchor the plant, absorb water and nutrients, and store food.
Q9: What is the xylem?
ANSWER Vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to the
rest of the plant.
Q10: What is the phloem?
ANSWER Vascular tissue that transports sugars and organic compounds from leaves to
other parts of the plant.
,Q11: What is the difference between monocots and dicots?
ANSWER Monocots have one seed leaf (cotyledon) and parallel leaf veins; dicots have
two seed leaves and net-like leaf veins.
Q12: What is a cotyledon?
ANSWER A seed leaf that provides nutrients to a germinating seedling.
Q13: What is the function of flowers?
ANSWER To facilitate reproduction through pollination and seed production.
Q14: What are the male reproductive parts of a flower?
ANSWER The stamens, consisting of the anther (produces pollen) and filament.
Q15: What are the female reproductive parts of a flower?
ANSWER The pistil, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.
Q16: What is pollination?
ANSWER The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower.
Q17: What is fertilization in plants?
ANSWER The fusion of pollen and egg cell to form a zygote, which develops into a
seed.
Q18: What is seed dormancy?
ANSWER A period of inactivity in a seed before germination, often triggered by
environmental conditions.
Q19: What are the three conditions required for seed germination?
ANSWER Adequate moisture, appropriate temperature, and oxygen.
Q20: What is meristematic tissue?
ANSWER Plant tissue consisting of undifferentiated cells capable of rapid division and
growth.
Q21: What is apical meristem?
ANSWER Growing tip tissue found at the apex of roots and shoots responsible for
primary growth (increase in length).
Q22: What is lateral meristem?
ANSWER Tissue such as vascular cambium and cork cambium responsible for
secondary growth (increase in girth).
Q23: What is etiolation?
ANSWER Abnormal elongation of stems and loss of green color due to insufficient
light.
, Q24: What is the role of auxin?
ANSWER A plant hormone that promotes cell elongation and is involved in
phototropism and gravitropism.
Q25: What is phototropism?
ANSWER The growth of a plant toward or away from light.
Q26: What is gravitropism?
ANSWER The growth of a plant in response to gravity; roots grow downward
(positive) and shoots upward (negative).
Q27: What is a perennial plant?
ANSWER A plant that lives for more than two years, typically flowering and producing
seeds each year.
Q28: What is an annual plant?
ANSWER A plant that completes its entire life cycle (germination, flowering, seed
production, death) in one growing season.
Q29: What is a biennial plant?
ANSWER A plant that takes two growing seasons to complete its life cycle.
Q30: What is vegetative propagation?
ANSWER Asexual reproduction of plants using stems, leaves, roots, or other plant
parts rather than seeds.
Soils & Fertilizers
Q31: What are the three components of soil?
ANSWER Mineral particles (sand, silt, clay), organic matter, and living organisms
(plus air and water in pore spaces).
Q32: What is soil pH?
ANSWER A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of soil on a scale of 0–14, with 7 being
neutral.
Q33: What pH range do most garden plants prefer?
ANSWER Slightly acidic to neutral, approximately 6.0–7.0.
Q34: What does a soil pH below 7 indicate?
ANSWER Acidic soil.
Q35: What does a soil pH above 7 indicate?
ANSWER Alkaline (basic) soil.
ANSWER The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to
produce glucose and oxygen.
Q2: What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?
ANSWER The light-dependent reactions (light reactions) and the light-independent
reactions (Calvin cycle).
Q3: What organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
ANSWER The chloroplast.
Q4: What pigment gives plants their green color and is essential for photosynthesis?
ANSWER Chlorophyll.
Q5: What is transpiration?
ANSWER The process by which water moves through a plant and evaporates from
leaves, stems, and flowers.
Q6: What are stomata?
ANSWER Tiny pores on plant leaves and stems that regulate gas exchange and water
vapor loss.
Q7: What cells open and close stomata?
ANSWER Guard cells.
Q8: What is the function of roots?
ANSWER To anchor the plant, absorb water and nutrients, and store food.
Q9: What is the xylem?
ANSWER Vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to the
rest of the plant.
Q10: What is the phloem?
ANSWER Vascular tissue that transports sugars and organic compounds from leaves to
other parts of the plant.
,Q11: What is the difference between monocots and dicots?
ANSWER Monocots have one seed leaf (cotyledon) and parallel leaf veins; dicots have
two seed leaves and net-like leaf veins.
Q12: What is a cotyledon?
ANSWER A seed leaf that provides nutrients to a germinating seedling.
Q13: What is the function of flowers?
ANSWER To facilitate reproduction through pollination and seed production.
Q14: What are the male reproductive parts of a flower?
ANSWER The stamens, consisting of the anther (produces pollen) and filament.
Q15: What are the female reproductive parts of a flower?
ANSWER The pistil, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.
Q16: What is pollination?
ANSWER The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower.
Q17: What is fertilization in plants?
ANSWER The fusion of pollen and egg cell to form a zygote, which develops into a
seed.
Q18: What is seed dormancy?
ANSWER A period of inactivity in a seed before germination, often triggered by
environmental conditions.
Q19: What are the three conditions required for seed germination?
ANSWER Adequate moisture, appropriate temperature, and oxygen.
Q20: What is meristematic tissue?
ANSWER Plant tissue consisting of undifferentiated cells capable of rapid division and
growth.
Q21: What is apical meristem?
ANSWER Growing tip tissue found at the apex of roots and shoots responsible for
primary growth (increase in length).
Q22: What is lateral meristem?
ANSWER Tissue such as vascular cambium and cork cambium responsible for
secondary growth (increase in girth).
Q23: What is etiolation?
ANSWER Abnormal elongation of stems and loss of green color due to insufficient
light.
, Q24: What is the role of auxin?
ANSWER A plant hormone that promotes cell elongation and is involved in
phototropism and gravitropism.
Q25: What is phototropism?
ANSWER The growth of a plant toward or away from light.
Q26: What is gravitropism?
ANSWER The growth of a plant in response to gravity; roots grow downward
(positive) and shoots upward (negative).
Q27: What is a perennial plant?
ANSWER A plant that lives for more than two years, typically flowering and producing
seeds each year.
Q28: What is an annual plant?
ANSWER A plant that completes its entire life cycle (germination, flowering, seed
production, death) in one growing season.
Q29: What is a biennial plant?
ANSWER A plant that takes two growing seasons to complete its life cycle.
Q30: What is vegetative propagation?
ANSWER Asexual reproduction of plants using stems, leaves, roots, or other plant
parts rather than seeds.
Soils & Fertilizers
Q31: What are the three components of soil?
ANSWER Mineral particles (sand, silt, clay), organic matter, and living organisms
(plus air and water in pore spaces).
Q32: What is soil pH?
ANSWER A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of soil on a scale of 0–14, with 7 being
neutral.
Q33: What pH range do most garden plants prefer?
ANSWER Slightly acidic to neutral, approximately 6.0–7.0.
Q34: What does a soil pH below 7 indicate?
ANSWER Acidic soil.
Q35: What does a soil pH above 7 indicate?
ANSWER Alkaline (basic) soil.
